Rivers are recognized as major natural resources, not only as sources of domestic, industrial and agricultural water and hydro-electric power, but also for food production and increasingly for recreation and tourist promotion. This awareness has led to increased study of lotic limnology, particularly with respect to the development of the potentials of river systems. The concern over deterioration of watercourses as a result of poor land utilization and their use as repositories for man's rejectamenta has stimulated research into the basic dynamics of the river environment and its biotic communities. Before any assessment of pollution effects can be made, or rational remedial action suggested, there must be a sound, detailed knowledge of the 'natural' characteristics of regional water courses as a reference standard. This knowledge can result only from investigating the whole drainage area as a unit ecosystem (E VANS 1956) rather than just the specific conditions in the river itself (cf. SLACK 1955, HYNES 1969). Biotic data for any stream are of little value if divorced from consideration of the geology, hydrochemistry, land use and nutrient cycles of the watershed that generated them. The study of large rivers, potamobiology in the sense of I LLIES (1955, 1961 a), is a specialized area of research merging into lenitic ecology in many aspects and cannot be considered here.
Chapters´ Contents.- I. Introduction.- II. The Environment.- 1. General Information.- 1.1. The Study Area.- 1.2. Previous Studies on the Area.- 1.3. Climate.- 1.4. Geology.- 2. Physical Characteristics.- 2.1. Physiography.- 2.1.1. Topography.- 2.1.2. Stream order classification.- 2.1.3. Lithology and structure of the catchment.- 2.1.4. Soils.- 2.1.5. Vegetation and general land use.- 2.2. Preliminary Zonation.- 2.2.1. The catchment.- 2.2.2. The river.- 2.2.3. Classification of water types.- 2.3. Deillegalscription of the Sampling Stations.- 2.4. Physical Methods.- 2.4.1. Light.- 2.4.2. Temperature.- 2.4.3. Precipitation.- 2.4.4. Discharge.- 2.4.5. Substrate analysis.- 2.4.6. Erosional load.- 2.5. Physical Observations.- 2.5.1. Light.- 2.5.2. Temperature.- 2.5.3. Precipitation.- 2.5.4. Discharge.- 2.5.5. Substrate analysis.- 2.5.6. Erosional load.- 2.6. Recapitulation.- 3. Chemical Environment.- 3.1. Methods.- 3.2. Analytical Results and Comments.- 4. Organic Environment.- 4.1. Methods.- 4.1.1. Organic content of the water.- 4.1.2. Sedimentary or ganics.- 4.1.3. Calorimetry studies.- 4.2. Results and Comments.- 4.2.1. Organic content of the water.- 4.2.2. Sedimentary or ganics.- 4.2.3. Calorimetry studies.- III. The Algae.- 1. Composition of the Flora.- 1.1. Methods.- 1.2. Records and Comments on Distribution.- 2. Primary Production Studies.- 2.1. Methods.- 2.2. Biomass.- 2.3. Phytopigments.- 2.4. Synthesis.- IV. The Invertebrate Fauna.- 1. Composition of the Benthos.- 1.1. Methods.- 1.2. Community Structure.- 1.2.1. Distribution of the principal taxa.- 1.2.2. Similarities with the faunai communities of other tropical rivers.- 1.2.3. Features of the fauna of various sections.- 1.2.4. Factors effecting microdistribution and succession.- 1.2.5. Biotopic associations.- 1.2.6. Factors effecting segregation between taxa.- 1.2.7. Diversity.- 1.2.8. Life history data.- 1.3. Quantitative Assessment of the Fauna.- 1.3.1. The depositional (s) and erosional (r) biotopes.- 1.3.2. Seasonal variation in the abundance of principal benthic invertebrates.- 1.3.3. Synthesis.- 2. Vertical Distribution of the Benthos.- 2.1. The Sampler.- 2.2. Results and Comments.- 2.3. Discussion.- 3. Secondary Production.- 4. Drift and Vectored Imaginai Flight.- 4.1. Methods.- 4.1.1. Drift.- 4.1.2. Adult flight movements.- 4.2. Results and Observations.- 4.2.1. Drift.- 4.2.2. Bilateral insect trap catches.- 4.3. Discussion.- V. The Vertebrate Fauna.- 1. Pisces.- 1.1. Methods of Assessing the Ichthyofauna.- 1.1.1. Electrofishing.- 1.1.2. Methods of surveying the fishery.- 1.2. The Fish.- 1.2.1. Composition of the fauna.- 1.2.2. Longitudinal succession and feeding segregation.- 1.2.3. Diversity.- 1.2.4. Trophic relationships.- 1.3. Appraisal of Fishery.- 1.3.1. Yield.- 1.3.2. Synthesis.- 2. Other Vertebrates.- 2.1. Mammalia.- 2.2. Aves.- 2.3. Reptilia.- 2.4. Amphibia.- VI. Zonation.- VII. Pollution.
Rivers are recognized as major natural resources, not only as sources of domestic, industrial and agricultural water and hydro-electric power, but also for food production and increasingly for recreation and tourist promotion. This awareness has led to increased study of lotic limnology, particularly with respect to the development of the potentials of river systems. The concern over deterioration of watercourses as a result of poor land utilization and their use as repositories for man's rejectamenta has stimulated research into the basic dynamics of the river environment and its biotic communities. Before any assessment of pollution effects can be made, or rational remedial action suggested, there must be a sound, detailed knowledge of the 'natural' characteristics of regional water courses as a reference standard. This knowledge can result only from investigating the whole drainage area as a unit ecosystem (E VANS 1956) rather than just the specific conditions in the river itself (cf. SLACK 1955, HYNES 1969). Biotic data for any stream are of little value if divorced from consideration of the geology, hydrochemistry, land use and nutrient cycles of the watershed that generated them. The study of large rivers, potamobiology in the sense of I LLIES (1955, 1961 a), is a specialized area of research merging into lenitic ecology in many aspects and cannot be considered here.
Chapters' Contents.- I. Introduction.- II. The Environment.- 1. General Information.- 2. Physical Characteristics.- 3. Chemical Environment.- 4. Organic Environment.- III. The Algae.- 1. Composition of the Flora.- 2. Primary Production Studies.- IV. The Invertebrate Fauna.- 1. Composition of the Benthos.- 2. Vertical Distribution of the Benthos.- 3. Secondary Production.- 4. Drift and Vectored Imaginai Flight.- V. The Vertebrate Fauna.- 1. Pisces.- 2. Other Vertebrates.- VI. Zonation.- VII. Pollution.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Chapters' Contents.- I. Introduction.- II. The Environment.- 1. General Information.- 1.1. The Study Area.- 1.2. Previous Studies on the Area.- 1.3. Climate.- 1.4. Geology.- 2. Physical Characteristics.- 2.1. Physiography.- 2.1.1. Topography.- 2.1.2. Stream order classification.- 2.1.3. Lithology and structure of the catchment.- 2.1.4. Soils.- 2.1.5. Vegetation and general land use.- 2.2. Preliminary Zonation.- 2.2.1. The catchment.- 2.2.2. The river.- 2.2.3. Classification of water types.- 2.3. Deillegalscription of the Sampling Stations.- 2.4. Physical Methods.- 2.4.1. Light.- 2.4.2. Temperature.- 2.4.3. Precipitation.- 2.4.4. Discharge.- 2.4.5. Substrate analysis.- 2.4.6. Erosional load.- 2.5. Physical Observations.- 2.5.1. Light.- 2.5.2. Temperature.- 2.5.3. Precipitation.- 2.5.4. Discharge.- 2.5.5. Substrate analysis.- 2.5.6. Erosional load.- 2.6. Recapitulation.- 3. Chemical Environment.- 3.1. Methods.- 3.2. Analytical Results and Comments.- 4. Organic Environment.- 4.1. Methods.- 4.1.1. Organic content of the water.- 4.1.2. Sedimentary or ganics.- 4.1.3. Calorimetry studies.- 4.2. Results and Comments.- 4.2.1. Organic content of the water.- 4.2.2. Sedimentary or ganics.- 4.2.3. Calorimetry studies.- III. The Algae.- 1. Composition of the Flora.- 1.1. Methods.- 1.2. Records and Comments on Distribution.- 2. Primary Production Studies.- 2.1. Methods.- 2.2. Biomass.- 2.3. Phytopigments.- 2.4. Synthesis.- IV. The Invertebrate Fauna.- 1. Composition of the Benthos.- 1.1. Methods.- 1.2. Community Structure.- 1.2.1. Distribution of the principal taxa.- 1.2.2. Similarities with the faunai communities of other tropical rivers.- 1.2.3. Features of the fauna of various sections.- 1.2.4. Factors effecting microdistribution and succession.- 1.2.5. Biotopic associations.- 1.2.6. Factors effecting segregation between taxa.- 1.2.7. Diversity.- 1.2.8. Life history data.- 1.3. Quantitative Assessment of the Fauna.- 1.3.1. The depositional (s) and erosional (r) biotopes.- 1.3.2. Seasonal variation in the abundance of principal benthic invertebrates.- 1.3.3. Synthesis.- 2. Vertical Distribution of the Benthos.- 2.1. The Sampler.- 2.2. Results and Comments.- 2.3. Discussion.- 3. Secondary Production.- 4. Drift and Vectored Imaginai Flight.- 4.1. Methods.- 4.1.1. Drift.- 4.1.2. Adult flight movements.- 4.2. Results and Observations.- 4.2.1. Drift.- 4.2.2. Bilateral insect trap catches.- 4.3. Discussion.- V. The Vertebrate Fauna.- 1. Pisces.- 1.1. Methods of Assessing the Ichthyofauna.- 1.1.1. Electrofishing.- 1.1.2. Methods of surveying the fishery.- 1.2. The Fish.- 1.2.1. Composition of the fauna.- 1.2.2. Longitudinal succession and feeding segregation.- 1.2.3. Diversity.- 1.2.4. Trophic relationships.- 1.3. Appraisal of Fishery.- 1.3.1. Yield.- 1.3.2. Synthesis.- 2. Other Vertebrates.- 2.1. Mammalia.- 2.2. Aves.- 2.3. Reptilia.- 2.4. Amphibia.- VI. Zonation.- VII. Pollution.
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