357 Temperature . . . . . . . . . 358 Transparency and light penetration. 360 Salinity and conductivity 363 Major ions . . . . . 365 Dissolved gases and pH 371 Plant nutrients. 375 References 381 27. Phytoplankton: cOlDposition, developlDent and p- ductivity by]. F. TaIling. 385 Introduction. . . . . 385 Regional Development 385 The headwater lakes 385 a. Lake Victoria . 385 b. Lake Kioga . 387 c. Lake Albert. . 388 d. Lake Tana . . 390 The Sudan plain . 390 The Main Nile in Nubia and Egypt. 395 Limiting factors . . . . . . . . 396 Rates of photosynthetic production 397 References . . . . . 400 VI. Epilogue by ]. Rzoska 403 Authors Index . 407 Subject Index . . . . 413 The Nile in the Desert. The view encompasses more than 2000 kilometers from the river junction in the lower part of the picture to just below the Qena-Luxor bend, at the left upper end. The photograph was taken before the Aswan High Dam basin began to rise. The Red Sea and Saudi Arabia and the Ethiopian Highlands form the background. For the present state of the Dam basin see fig. 72. Courtesy of NASA. INTRODUCTION This book is an attempt to bring together information on the biology of the Nile. A big library could be filled by books on this river devoted to exploration and discovery, human history and hydrology. None has so far been written on the biology of the whole river system.
1. Origin and history of the Nile.- 1a. The geological evolution of the Nile in Egypt.- Miocene.- Pliocene.- Pleistocene.- Prenile.- Neonile.- 1b. Pleistocene history of the Nile in Nubia.- Archaeological evidence.- Sediments.- References.- 2. The Nile in the Sudan, geomorphological history.- The Blue Nile.- The White Nile.- Main Nile.- References.- Editor´s addition.- 3. The Nile — Palaeolimnology of headwaters.- L. Victoria.- Lakes of the Albert Nile.- Lake Rudolf.- Other lakes.- Outlook for future research.- Conclusion.- Acknowledgements.- References.- II. The Nile, a life artery.- 4a. Palaeo-ecology.- Egypt.- Sudan.- Uganda.- References.- 4b. Prehistoric civilisations in lower Egypt.- References.- 4c. Ancient Egypt, landscape, flora and agriculture.- Trees, Fruit trees, Palms.- Early Egyptian agriculture, Cereals, Weeds, Pulses.- Oil and Textile plants, Vegetables.- Garden flowers.- Vegetable drugs.- References.- 4c. Appendix: Domesticated animals of Ancient Egypt by J. Rzóska.- References.- 4d. River and Nile valley before Mans´ interference.- References.- 5. Vegetation of the Nile basin.- References.- 5a. The riverain flora in Nubia.- Landforms.- Plant habitats before the inundation in 1965.- Status after inundation.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 6. Zoogeography of the Nile environment.- 6a. Mammals.- General remarks on the mammalian fauna of the Nile environment.- References.- 6b. Birds.- Sudan.- Uganda and Kenya.- References.- 6c. Amphibia and Reptiles.- Egypt.- Amphibia.- Sudan.- Ethiopia (Abyssinia).- Reptiles.- Egypt.- Sudan.- Uganda and Kenya.- The Nile crocodile.- References.- 6d. Invertebrates.- Desert Zoology.- The alluvial soil.- Aquatic Invertebrates.- References.- 6e. The faunal relations of Oligochaeta in the Nile Basin.- References.- 7. Fish fauna of the Nile.- 7a. Zoogeography and history.- 7b. Nile Fishes, General.- References.- III. Hydrology and Sediments.- 8. Nile waters — Hydrology, past and present.- Water budget of the Nile system.- Evaporation.- References.- 9. Nile sediments.- References.- IV. Hydrobiology and Limnology of the main parts of the Nile system.- The White Nile.- 10. Lake Victoria, physical features; general remarks on chemistry and biology.- Climatic factors and hydrology.- Chemical consequences of stratification.- References.- 11. Swamp development in the head waters of the White Nile.- Seasonal swamps.- Permanent swamps.- Papyrus swamps.- Other swamp types.- Nutrient relations of swamps.- Fauna of the Uganda swamps.- Utilization and reclamation.- Growth characteristics of swamps.- Conservation.- Acknowledgement.- References.- 12. Descent to the Sudan plains.- The upper Nile swamps.- References.- 13. The White Nile from Malakal to Khartoum.- The Blue Nile.- 14. Lake Tana, Headwaters of the Blue Nile.- Limnology.- Thermics.- Hydrobiology.- Phytoplankton.- Zooplankton.- Fishes.- Descent to the plains, the Blue Nile Gorge.- References.- 15. Notes on the Biogeography of the Blue Nile (Great Abbai) Gorge in Ethiopia.- Nile Gorge Physical Factors.- The Fauna of the Blue Nile (Great Abbai) Gorge in Ethiopia.- References.- 16. The Blue Nile in the plains.- Limnology of the Blue Nile before the Roseires Dam.- Impact of the Roseires Dam on hydrology and limnology of the river.- Thermal stratification in Roseires Reservoir.- Light penetration.- Phytoplankton.- Zooplankton.- Fishes of the Blue Nile system.- References.- The Joint Nile.- 17. The Atbara — An example of temporary rivers.- References.- 18. The joint Nile in the Sudan.- References.- 19a. Lake Nasser and Lake Nubia.- Morphology and hydrology.- The Nile flood.- Future aspects.- Temperature.- Dissolved oxygen.- Optical conditions.- The wind.- Conductivity.- Water chemistry.- Biological Phenomena.- Plankton.- Littoral areas.- Benthos.- Macrovegetation.- Lake shore vegetation.- References.- 19b. Fishes and fisheries of Lake Nasser.- Fish species.- Development of fisheries.- Future of fisheries.- Fish processing.- Fishing gears.- Fishing boats.- Fishermen.- References.- 20. Delta Lakes of Egypt.- Geological and hydrological investigations.- References.- V. Hydrobiology and Limnology of the whole river system.- 21. The invasion of Eichhornia crassipes in the Sudanese White Nile; compiled by the Editor from material.- History of discovery and spread in the Nile.- Centres of infestation.- Propagation of the water hyacinth.- Control measures in the Sudan.- Origin of invasion in the Nile system.- References.- 22. Schistosomiasis in the Nile basin.- Editors note.- References quoted in Editors note.- 23. Insects as factor in general and human ecology in the Sudan.- Tabanidae.- Simuliidae.- Chironomidae.- Other waterborne insect vectors.- References.- 24. Zooplankton of the Nile system.- Specific remarks on main sites.- Lake Victoria.- Lake Kioga.- Lake Albert.- Bahr el Gebel.- General remarks.- Distribution of Zooplankton in the Nile system.- References.- 25. Notes on the Benthos of the Nile system.- References.- 25a. Freshwater crabs of the Nile system.- The river-crabs (Pataniidae) of the Sudan.- Freshwater crabs of the Nile system outside the Sudan and Egypt.- Ethiopia.- References.- 26. Water Characteristics.- Temperature.- Transparency and light penetration.- Salinity and conductivity.- Major ions.- Dissolved gases and pH.- Plant nutrients.- References.- 27. Phytoplankton: composition, development and productivity.- Regional Development.- The headwater lakes.- a. Lake Victoria.- b. Lake Kioga.- c. Lake Albert.- d. Lake Tana.- The Sudan plain.- The Main Nile in Nubia and Egypt.- Limiting factors.- Rates of photosynthetic production.- References.- VI. Epilogue by J. Rzóska.- Authors Index.
1. Origin and history of the Nile.- 1a. The geological evolution of the Nile in Egypt.- 1b. Pleistocene history of the Nile in Nubia.- 2. The Nile in the Sudan, geomorphological history.- 3. The Nile - Palaeolimnology of headwaters.- II. The Nile, a life artery.- 4a. Palaeo-ecology.- 4b. Prehistoric civilisations in lower Egypt.- 4c. Ancient Egypt, landscape, flora and agriculture.- 4c. Appendix: Domesticated animals of Ancient Egypt by J. Rzóska.- 4d. River and Nile valley before Mans' interference.- 5. Vegetation of the Nile basin.- 5a. The riverain flora in Nubia.- 6. Zoogeography of the Nile environment.- 6a. Mammals.- 6b. Birds.- 6c. Amphibia and Reptiles.- 6d. Invertebrates.- 6e. The faunal relations of Oligochaeta in the Nile Basin.- 7. Fish fauna of the Nile.- III. Hydrology and Sediments.- 8. Nile waters - Hydrology, past and present.- 9. Nile sediments.- IV. Hydrobiology and Limnology of the main parts of the Nile system.- The White Nile.- 10. Lake Victoria, physical features; general remarks on chemistry and biology.- 11. Swamp development in the head waters of the White Nile.- 12. Descent to the Sudan plains.- 13. The White Nile from Malakal to Khartoum.- The Blue Nile.- 14. Lake Tana, Headwaters of the Blue Nile.- 15. Notes on the Biogeography of the Blue Nile (Great Abbai) Gorge in Ethiopia.- 16. The Blue Nile in the plains.- The Joint Nile.- 17. The Atbara - An example of temporary rivers.- 18. The joint Nile in the Sudan.- 19a. Lake Nasser and Lake Nubia.- 19b. Fishes and fisheries of Lake Nasser.- 20. Delta Lakes of Egypt.- V. Hydrobiology and Limnology of the whole river system.- 21. The invasion of Eichhornia crassipes in the Sudanese White Nile; compiled by the Editor from material.- 22. Schistosomiasis in the Nile basin.- 23. Insects asfactor in general and human ecology in the Sudan.- 24. Zooplankton of the Nile system.- 25. Notes on the Benthos of the Nile system.- 25a. Freshwater crabs of the Nile system.- 26. Water Characteristics.- 27. Phytoplankton: composition, development and productivity.- VI. Epilogue by J. Rzóska.- Authors Index.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1. Origin and history of the Nile.- 1a. The geological evolution of the Nile in Egypt.- Miocene.- Pliocene.- Pleistocene.- Prenile.- Neonile.- 1b. Pleistocene history of the Nile in Nubia.- Archaeological evidence.- Sediments.- References.- 2. The Nile in the Sudan, geomorphological history.- The Blue Nile.- The White Nile.- Main Nile.- References.- Editor's addition.- 3. The Nile - Palaeolimnology of headwaters.- L. Victoria.- Lakes of the Albert Nile.- Lake Rudolf.- Other lakes.- Outlook for future research.- Conclusion.- Acknowledgements.- References.- II. The Nile, a life artery.- 4a. Palaeo-ecology.- Egypt.- Sudan.- Uganda.- References.- 4b. Prehistoric civilisations in lower Egypt.- References.- 4c. Ancient Egypt, landscape, flora and agriculture.- Trees, Fruit trees, Palms.- Early Egyptian agriculture, Cereals, Weeds, Pulses.- Oil and Textile plants, Vegetables.- Garden flowers.- Vegetable drugs.- References.- 4c. Appendix: Domesticated animals of Ancient Egypt by J. Rzóska.- References.- 4d. River and Nile valley before Mans' interference.- References.- 5. Vegetation of the Nile basin.- References.- 5a. The riverain flora in Nubia.- Landforms.- Plant habitats before the inundation in 1965.- Status after inundation.- Acknowledgements.- References.- 6. Zoogeography of the Nile environment.- 6a. Mammals.- General remarks on the mammalian fauna of the Nile environment.- References.- 6b. Birds.- Sudan.- Uganda and Kenya.- References.- 6c. Amphibia and Reptiles.- Egypt.- Amphibia.- Sudan.- Ethiopia (Abyssinia).- Reptiles.- Egypt.- Sudan.- Uganda and Kenya.- The Nile crocodile.- References.- 6d. Invertebrates.- Desert Zoology.- The alluvial soil.- Aquatic Invertebrates.- References.- 6e. The faunal relations of Oligochaeta in the Nile Basin.- References.- 7. Fish fauna of the Nile.- 7a. Zoogeography and history.- 7b. Nile Fishes, General.- References.- III. Hydrology and Sediments.- 8. Nile waters - Hydrology, past and present.- Water budget of the Nile system.- Evaporation.- References.- 9. Nile sediments.- References.- IV. Hydrobiology and Limnology of the main parts of the Nile system.- The White Nile.- 10. Lake Victoria, physical features; general remarks on chemistry and biology.- Climatic factors and hydrology.- Chemical consequences of stratification.- References.- 11. Swamp development in the head waters of the White Nile.- Seasonal swamps.- Permanent swamps.- Papyrus swamps.- Other swamp types.- Nutrient relations of swamps.- Fauna of the Uganda swamps.- Utilization and reclamation.- Growth characteristics of swamps.- Conservation.- Acknowledgement.- References.- 12. Descent to the Sudan plains.- The upper Nile swamps.- References.- 13. The White Nile from Malakal to Khartoum.- The Blue Nile.- 14. Lake Tana, Headwaters of the Blue Nile.- Limnology.- Thermics.- Hydrobiology.- Phytoplankton.- Zooplankton.- Fishes.- Descent to the plains, the Blue Nile Gorge.- References.- 15. Notes on the Biogeography of the Blue Nile (Great Abbai) Gorge in Ethiopia.- Nile Gorge Physical Factors.- The Fauna of the Blue Nile (Great Abbai) Gorge in Ethiopia.- References.- 16. The Blue Nile in the plains.- Limnology of the Blue Nile before the Roseires Dam.- Impact of the Roseires Dam on hydrology and limnology of the river.- Thermal stratification in Roseires Reservoir.- Light penetration.- Phytoplankton.- Zooplankton.- Fishes of the Blue Nile system.- References.- The Joint Nile.- 17. The Atbara - An example of temporary rivers.- References.- 18. The joint Nile in the Sudan.- References.- 19a. Lake Nasser and Lake Nubia.- Morphology and hydrology.- The Nile flood.- Future aspects.- Temperature.- Dissolved oxygen.- Optical conditions.- The wind.- Conductivity.- Water chemistry.- Biological Phenomena.- Plankton.- Littoral areas.- Benthos.- Macrovegetation.- Lake shore vegetation.- References.- 19b. Fishes and fisheries of Lake Nasser.- Fish species.- Development of fisheries.- Future of fisheries.- Fish processing.- Fishing gears.- Fishing boats.- Fishermen.- References.- 20. Delta Lakes of Egypt.- Geological and hydrological investigations.- References.- V. Hydrobiology and Limnology of the whole river system.- 21. The invasion of Eichhornia crassipes in the Sudanese White Nile; compiled by the Editor from material.- History of discovery and spread in the Nile.- Centres of infestation.- Propagation of the water hyacinth.- Control measures in the Sudan.- Origin of invasion in the Nile system.- References.- 22. Schistosomiasis in the Nile basin.- Editors note.- References quoted in Editors note.- 23. Insects as factor in general and human ecology in the Sudan.- Tabanidae.- Simuliidae.- Chironomidae.- Other waterborne insect vectors.- References.- 24. Zooplankton of the Nile system.- Specific remarks on main sites.- Lake Victoria.- Lake Kioga.- Lake Albert.- Bahr el Gebel.- General remarks.- Distribution of Zooplankton in the Nile system.- References.- 25. Notes on the Benthos of the Nile system.- References.- 25a. Freshwater crabs of the Nile system.- The river-crabs (Pataniidae) of the Sudan.- Freshwater crabs of the Nile system outside the Sudan and Egypt.- Ethiopia.- References.- 26. Water Characteristics.- Temperature.- Transparency and light penetration.- Salinity and conductivity.- Major ions.- Dissolved gases and pH.- Plant nutrients.- References.- 27. Phytoplankton: composition, development and productivity.- Regional Development.- The headwater lakes.- a. Lake Victoria.- b. Lake Kioga.- c. Lake Albert.- d. Lake Tana.- The Sudan plain.- The Main Nile in Nubia and Egypt.- Limiting factors.- Rates of photosynthetic production.- References.- VI. Epilogue by J. Rzóska.- Authors Index.
Klappentext
357 Temperature . . . . . . . . . 358 Transparency and light penetration. 360 Salinity and conductivity 363 Major ions . . . . . 365 Dissolved gases and pH 371 Plant nutrients. 375 References 381 27. Phytoplankton: cOlDposition, developlDent and p- ductivity by]. F. TaIling. 385 Introduction. . . . . 385 Regional Development 385 The headwater lakes 385 a. Lake Victoria . 385 b. Lake Kioga . 387 c. Lake Albert. . 388 d. Lake Tana . . 390 The Sudan plain . 390 The Main Nile in Nubia and Egypt. 395 Limiting factors . . . . . . . . 396 Rates of photosynthetic production 397 References . . . . . 400 VI. Epilogue by ]. Rzoska 403 Authors Index . 407 Subject Index . . . . 413 The Nile in the Desert. The view encompasses more than 2000 kilometers from the river junction in the lower part of the picture to just below the Qena-Luxor bend, at the left upper end. The photograph was taken before the Aswan High Dam basin began to rise. The Red Sea and Saudi Arabia and the Ethiopian Highlands form the background. For the present state of the Dam basin see fig. 72. Courtesy of NASA. INTRODUCTION This book is an attempt to bring together information on the biology of the Nile. A big library could be filled by books on this river devoted to exploration and discovery, human history and hydrology. None has so far been written on the biology of the whole river system.
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