H. Laffler Interest aroused in the past by Neusiedlersee, located in what was earlier the western part of Hungary, was mainly due to the enormous fluctuations in water level and the consequent threat to the livelihood of the local popula tion, who lived chiefly from stock-farming. Practically no tourism touched the area until 1920, about a century later than Schubert's visit to the Salzkam mergut lake district, the traditional resort area in Upper Austria. Probably because of its small popularity there is almost no documentation in the form of engravings or paintings. One of the exceptions is an oil painting by Schnorr-Carolsfeld, from about 1820. It is obvious that there was no Phragmites at the time he painted the view near Neusiedl. When the shallow Neusiedlersee was discovered by tourists it began to attract scientific interest, although some earlier work by mineralogists, geographers and hydrographers does exist. But it was only after the Second World War that this interest could be intensified, the lake now being an alkaline, turbid body of water confined by the vast areas of Phragmites which had come into existence after the lake last dried out in 1868. Scientific work gained considerable impetus from international activities such as the Interna tional Biological Programme, International Hydrological Decade, and Man and Biosphere, the results of which will be included in this volume. But in spite of all such efforts Neusiedlersee will undoubtedly remain, in many respects, a mystery.
Physiography.- 1. The catchment area, a geographical review.- 1.1 Geomorphological development.- 1.2 Soils.- 1.3 Climate.- 1.4 The present cultivated landscape.- 1.5 Soil exploitation.- 1.6 Tourist traffic.- 1.7 Future prospects.- 2. The hydrogeology of Neusiedlersee and its catchment area.- 2.1 The boundaries of the hydrogeologic catchment area.- 2.2 The geological formations of the catchment area and the permeability of their lithologies.- 2.3 Hydrogeologic conditions in the different parts of the recharge area.- 2.4 The magnitude of the groundwater recharge to the basin.- 2.5 The groundwater discharge in the lake.- 3. Origin and geohistorical evolution.- 4. Morphology and morphometry.- 5. Climatic conditions.- 5.1 General climatic conditions of the Neusiedlersee region.- 5.2 The individual components of the climate and their specific pattern in the lake region.- 5.3 The local climate in the reed belt.- 6. Evaporation.- 6.1 Methods for determining evaporation.- 6.2 Comparison of methods.- 7. Water balance.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 A historical survey of important events connected with the water level of the lake.- 7.3 Special problems connected with determining the water budget.- 7.4 Quantitative data concerning the water budget of the lake.- 8. Currents.- 9. The hydrochemical problem.- 9.1 Surface inflow and the lake water.- 10. Phosphorus and nitrogen.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 The inflows.- 10.3 The uppermost sediment layers.- 10.4 The lake water.- 11. Oxygen conditions.- 12. Sediments.- 12.1 Sediment samples.- 12.2 Origin of the sediment layers.- 12.3 Location of the sediment layers.- 13. The superficial sediments: their characterization and distribution.- 14. Electron microscopic investigations of the mud sediments.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Investigations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).- 14.3 Investigations using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).- 14.4 Conclusion.- 15. Optical properties, colour and turbidity.- 15.1 Surface incident radiation.- 15.2 Underwater light attenuation.- 15.3 Secchi disc visibility.- 15.4 Colour of the lake.- 15.5 Turbidity.- Biology, ecology and production.- 16. The algal vegetation of Neusiedlersee.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Algal communities in the lake.- 16.3 Phytoplankton.- 16.4 Phytomicrobenthos.- 16.5 Periphyton.- 16.6 Periodic changes in the algal vegetation.- 16.7 Systematic enumeration.- 17. Seasonal pattern of phytoplankton.- 17.1 Introduction and methods.- 17.2 Species composition.- 17.3 Seasonal succession of species.- 17.4 Total biomass.- 17.5 Chlorophyll-a.- 17.6 Phytoplankton biomass versus chlorophyll-a.- 17.7 Horizontal distribution.- 17.8 Species diversity.- 18. Phytoplankton primary production.- 19. Submerged macrophytes in the open lake. Distribution pattern, production and long term changes.- 19.1 Introduction.- 19.2 Composition of the submerged macrophyte vegetation.- 19.3 Biological characteristics of Myriophyllum spicatum and Potamogeton pectinatus.- 19.4 Distribution pattern of M. spicatum and P. pectinatus.- 19.5 Biomass.- 19.6 Long-term changes in macrophyte belt.- 19.7 Ecological factors governing the growth of macrophytes in Neusiedlersee.- 19.8 Role of submerged macrophytes within the ecosystem of the open lake.- 20. The primary producers of the Phragmites belt, their energy utilization and water balance.- 20.1 Vegetation conditions and production zones of the reed belt.- 20.2 Production.- 20.3 Energy utilization.- 20.4 Production conditions of Carex riparia Curt.- 21. Production of Utricularia vulgaris L..- 21.1 Production of Utricularia in the reedless areas.- 21.2 The production of Utricularia in the zone exposed to fluctuating water conditions.- 22. The zooplankton of the open lake.- 22.1 Introduction.- 22.2 Species composition and abundance of rotifers.- 22.3 Species composition and abundance of crustaceans.- 22.4 Horizontal and vertical distribution of crustaceans.- 22.5 A comparison for the last 25 years.- 22.6 Production estimates for the main species: Arctodiaptomus spinosus and Diaphanosoma brachyurum.- 22.7 A comparison of the phytoplankton-zooplankton relationship in deep stratified and shallow lakes.- 23. The benthic community of the open lake.- 23.1 Introduction.- 23.2 Faunistics.- 23.3 Spatial pattern of benthic conditions.- 23.4 The distribution pattern of the fauna.- 23.5 Seasonal dynamics of benthic fauna.- 23.6 Life cycles of predominant species.- 23.7 Biomass.- 23.8 Comparison of benthic biomass and production of various bodies of water within the temperate zone.- 23.9 Trophic relationship.- 24. Limnocythere inopinata (Baird) (Cytheridae, Ostracoda): its distribution pattern and relation to the superficial sediment of Neusiedlersee.- 25. Arthropod communities connected with Phragmites.- 26. The crustacean fauna of the Phragmites belt (Neusiedlersee).- 26.1 Introduction.- 26.2 Methods.- 26.3 Species composition.- 26.4 Seasonal aspects of the composition.- 26.5 Synopsis of planktonic and epiphytic microfauna in wetlands.- 27. The Rotifers of Neusiedlersee.- 27.1 Discussion.- 28. Fishes and fishery in Neusiedlersee.- 28.1 Introduction.- 28.2 Faunistics and stocking.- 28.3 Growth of Neusiedlersee fish.- 29. Birds of Neusiedlersee.- 29.1 Introduction.- 29.2 The open lake.- 29.3 The reed belt and its significance for birds.- 29.4 Migrations and changes of locality.- 29.5 The discussion of production biology.- 30. Projects involving Neusiedlersee.- List of plant and animals species.- Indices.
H. Laffler Interest aroused in the past by Neusiedlersee, located in what was earlier the western part of Hungary, was mainly due to the enormous fluctuations in water level and the consequent threat to the livelihood of the local popula tion, who lived chiefly from stock-farming. Practically no tourism touched the area until 1920, about a century later than Schubert's visit to the Salzkam mergut lake district, the traditional resort area in Upper Austria. Probably because of its small popularity there is almost no documentation in the form of engravings or paintings. One of the exceptions is an oil painting by Schnorr-Carolsfeld, from about 1820. It is obvious that there was no Phragmites at the time he painted the view near Neusiedl. When the shallow Neusiedlersee was discovered by tourists it began to attract scientific interest, although some earlier work by mineralogists, geographers and hydrographers does exist. But it was only after the Second World War that this interest could be intensified, the lake now being an alkaline, turbid body of water confined by the vast areas of Phragmites which had come into existence after the lake last dried out in 1868. Scientific work gained considerable impetus from international activities such as the Interna tional Biological Programme, International Hydrological Decade, and Man and Biosphere, the results of which will be included in this volume. But in spite of all such efforts Neusiedlersee will undoubtedly remain, in many respects, a mystery.
Physiography.- 1. The catchment area, a geographical review.- 2. The hydrogeology of Neusiedlersee and its catchment area.- 3. Origin and geohistorical evolution.- 4. Morphology and morphometry.- 5. Climatic conditions.- 6. Evaporation.- 7. Water balance.- 8. Currents.- 9. The hydrochemical problem.- 10. Phosphorus and nitrogen.- 11. Oxygen conditions.- 12. Sediments.- 13. The superficial sediments: their characterization and distribution.- 14. Electron microscopic investigations of the mud sediments.- 15. Optical properties, colour and turbidity.- Biology, ecology and production.- 16. The algal vegetation of Neusiedlersee.- 17. Seasonal pattern of phytoplankton.- 18. Phytoplankton primary production.- 19. Submerged macrophytes in the open lake. Distribution pattern, production and long term changes.- 20. The primary producers of the Phragmites belt, their energy utilization and water balance.- 21. Production of Utricularia vulgaris L..- 22. The zooplankton of the open lake.- 23. The benthic community of the open lake.- 24. Limnocythere inopinata (Baird) (Cytheridae, Ostracoda): its distribution pattern and relation to the superficial sediment of Neusiedlersee.- 25. Arthropod communities connected with Phragmites.- 26. The crustacean fauna of the Phragmites belt (Neusiedlersee).- 27. The Rotifers of Neusiedlersee.- 28. Fishes and fishery in Neusiedlersee.- 29. Birds of Neusiedlersee.- 30. Projects involving Neusiedlersee.- List of plant and animals species.- Indices.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physiography.- 1. The catchment area, a geographical review.- 1.1 Geomorphological development.- 1.2 Soils.- 1.3 Climate.- 1.4 The present cultivated landscape.- 1.5 Soil exploitation.- 1.6 Tourist traffic.- 1.7 Future prospects.- 2. The hydrogeology of Neusiedlersee and its catchment area.- 2.1 The boundaries of the hydrogeologic catchment area.- 2.2 The geological formations of the catchment area and the permeability of their lithologies.- 2.3 Hydrogeologic conditions in the different parts of the recharge area.- 2.4 The magnitude of the groundwater recharge to the basin.- 2.5 The groundwater discharge in the lake.- 3. Origin and geohistorical evolution.- 4. Morphology and morphometry.- 5. Climatic conditions.- 5.1 General climatic conditions of the Neusiedlersee region.- 5.2 The individual components of the climate and their specific pattern in the lake region.- 5.3 The local climate in the reed belt.- 6. Evaporation.- 6.1 Methods for determining evaporation.- 6.2 Comparison of methods.- 7. Water balance.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 A historical survey of important events connected with the water level of the lake.- 7.3 Special problems connected with determining the water budget.- 7.4 Quantitative data concerning the water budget of the lake.- 8. Currents.- 9. The hydrochemical problem.- 9.1 Surface inflow and the lake water.- 10. Phosphorus and nitrogen.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 The inflows.- 10.3 The uppermost sediment layers.- 10.4 The lake water.- 11. Oxygen conditions.- 12. Sediments.- 12.1 Sediment samples.- 12.2 Origin of the sediment layers.- 12.3 Location of the sediment layers.- 13. The superficial sediments: their characterization and distribution.- 14. Electron microscopic investigations of the mud sediments.- 14.1 Introduction.- 14.2 Investigations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).- 14.3 Investigations using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).- 14.4 Conclusion.- 15. Optical properties, colour and turbidity.- 15.1 Surface incident radiation.- 15.2 Underwater light attenuation.- 15.3 Secchi disc visibility.- 15.4 Colour of the lake.- 15.5 Turbidity.- Biology, ecology and production.- 16. The algal vegetation of Neusiedlersee.- 16.1 Introduction.- 16.2 Algal communities in the lake.- 16.3 Phytoplankton.- 16.4 Phytomicrobenthos.- 16.5 Periphyton.- 16.6 Periodic changes in the algal vegetation.- 16.7 Systematic enumeration.- 17. Seasonal pattern of phytoplankton.- 17.1 Introduction and methods.- 17.2 Species composition.- 17.3 Seasonal succession of species.- 17.4 Total biomass.- 17.5 Chlorophyll-a.- 17.6 Phytoplankton biomass versus chlorophyll-a.- 17.7 Horizontal distribution.- 17.8 Species diversity.- 18. Phytoplankton primary production.- 19. Submerged macrophytes in the open lake. Distribution pattern, production and long term changes.- 19.1 Introduction.- 19.2 Composition of the submerged macrophyte vegetation.- 19.3 Biological characteristics of Myriophyllum spicatum and Potamogeton pectinatus.- 19.4 Distribution pattern of M. spicatum and P. pectinatus.- 19.5 Biomass.- 19.6 Long-term changes in macrophyte belt.- 19.7 Ecological factors governing the growth of macrophytes in Neusiedlersee.- 19.8 Role of submerged macrophytes within the ecosystem of the open lake.- 20. The primary producers of the Phragmites belt, their energy utilization and water balance.- 20.1 Vegetation conditions and production zones of the reed belt.- 20.2 Production.- 20.3 Energy utilization.- 20.4 Production conditions of Carex riparia Curt.- 21. Production of Utricularia vulgaris L..- 21.1 Production of Utricularia in the reedless areas.- 21.2 The production of Utricularia in the zone exposed to fluctuating water conditions.- 22. The zooplankton of the open lake.- 22.1 Introduction.- 22.2 Species composition and abundance of rotifers.- 22.3 Species composition and abundance of crustaceans.- 22.4 Horizontal and vertical distribution of crustaceans.- 22.5 A comparison for the last 25 years.- 22.6 Production estimates for the main species: Arctodiaptomus spinosus and Diaphanosoma brachyurum.- 22.7 A comparison of the phytoplankton-zooplankton relationship in deep stratified and shallow lakes.- 23. The benthic community of the open lake.- 23.1 Introduction.- 23.2 Faunistics.- 23.3 Spatial pattern of benthic conditions.- 23.4 The distribution pattern of the fauna.- 23.5 Seasonal dynamics of benthic fauna.- 23.6 Life cycles of predominant species.- 23.7 Biomass.- 23.8 Comparison of benthic biomass and production of various bodies of water within the temperate zone.- 23.9 Trophic relationship.- 24. Limnocythere inopinata (Baird) (Cytheridae, Ostracoda): its distribution pattern and relation to the superficial sediment of Neusiedlersee.- 25. Arthropod communities connected with Phragmites.- 26. The crustacean fauna of the Phragmites belt (Neusiedlersee).- 26.1 Introduction.- 26.2 Methods.- 26.3 Species composition.- 26.4 Seasonal aspects of the composition.- 26.5 Synopsis of planktonic and epiphytic microfauna in wetlands.- 27. The Rotifers of Neusiedlersee.- 27.1 Discussion.- 28. Fishes and fishery in Neusiedlersee.- 28.1 Introduction.- 28.2 Faunistics and stocking.- 28.3 Growth of Neusiedlersee fish.- 29. Birds of Neusiedlersee.- 29.1 Introduction.- 29.2 The open lake.- 29.3 The reed belt and its significance for birds.- 29.4 Migrations and changes of locality.- 29.5 The discussion of production biology.- 30. Projects involving Neusiedlersee.- List of plant and animals species.- Indices.
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