James S. Aber: Ph.D. in Geology from the University of Kansas. Wide-ranging international experience in northern and central Europe, North and South America involving glaciation, wetlands, tectonics, and remote sensing.Firooza Pavri: Ph.D. in Geography from Ohio State University. Research experience in South Asia and North America with an interest in society-environment interactions, landscape change, environmental policy, and remote sensing.Susan W. Aber: Ph.D in Library and Information Management from Emporia State University, Kansas. International experience across Europe, southeastern Asia and North America. Special interest in gemstones, particularly amber and pearls.
Wetlands - swamp, marsh, bayou, tundra and bog - are places that are rarely visited and often misunderstood but they have, in fact, conspicuous roles in the physical, biological and cultural geography of the world. They are intrinsically beautiful environments where one may see the natural and essential values in the interaction of water, soil, vegetation, wildlife, and humans. Wetlands occur at the confluence of unique terrestrial, hydrological and climatic conditions that give rise to some of the most biodiverse regions of the world. They also play vital roles in the cycling and storage of key nutrients, materials and energy through the Earth's system.A complete study of wetland environments requires the assessment of their physical and biological attributes, properties and functions of these ecosystems, and the economic, political and social aspects that mediate their use globally. A systems approach is taken throughout this book which emphasizes the interactions between these elements of wetland ecosystems. Moreover, selected case studies from across the world are used to illustrate wetland characteristics and circumstances.This book is intended to foster a greater awareness and appreciation of wetlands, promote a culture of conservation and wise management, and spread the knowledge that wetlands are important, indeed crucial, elements of the global environment. Our attempts to understand, manage and enhance wetlands in the twenty-first century are part of the larger effort to maintain a sustainable Earth.Readership: Undergraduate and graduate students worldwide studying wetland environments, as well as researchers and applied environmental scientists involved in wetland ecology and conservation.
Wetlands - swamp, marsh, bayou, tundra and bog - are places that are rarely visited and often misunderstood but they have, in fact, conspicuous roles in the physical, biological and cultural geography of the world. They are intrinsically beautiful environments where one may see the natural and essential values in the interaction of water, soil, vegetation, wildlife, and humans. Wetlands occur at the confluence of unique terrestrial, hydrological and climatic conditions that give rise to some of the most biodiverse regions of the world. They also play vital roles in the cycling and storage of key nutrients, materials and energy through the Earth's system.A complete study of wetland environments requires the assessment of their physical and biological attributes, properties and functions of these ecosystems, and the economic, political and social aspects that mediate their use globally. A systems approach is taken throughout this book which emphasizes the interactions between these elements of wetland ecosystems. Moreover, selected case studies from across the world are used to illustrate wetland characteristics and circumstances.This book is intended to foster a greater awareness and appreciation of wetlands, promote a culture of conservation and wise management, and spread the knowledge that wetlands are important, indeed crucial, elements of the global environment. Our attempts to understand, manage and enhance wetlands in the twenty-first century are part of the larger effort to maintain a sustainable Earth.Readership: Introductory or intermediate level undergraduates taking courses on wetland environmentsAdditional resources for this book can be found at: www.wiley.com/go/aber/wetland.
Wetlands - swamp, marsh, bayou, tundra and bog - are places thatare rarely visited and often misunderstood but they have, in fact,conspicuous roles in the physical, biological and culturalgeography of the world.
Wetlands - swamp, marsh, bayou, tundra and bog - are places that are rarely visited and often misunderstood but they have, in fact, conspicuous roles in the physical, biological and cultural geography of the world. They are intrinsically beautiful environments where one may see the natural and essential values in the interaction of water, soil, vegetation, wildlife, and humans. Wetlands occur at the confluence of unique terrestrial, hydrological and climatic conditions that give rise to some of the most biodiverse regions of the world. They also play vital roles in the cycling and storage of key nutrients, materials and energy through the Earth's system.
A complete study of wetland environments requires the assessment of their physical and biological attributes, properties and functions of these ecosystems, and the economic, political and social aspects that mediate their use globally. A systems approach is taken throughout this book which emphasizes the interactions between these elements of wetland ecosystems. Moreover, selected case studies from across the world are used to illustrate wetland characteristics and circumstances.
This book is intended to foster a greater awareness and appreciation of wetlands, promote a culture of conservation and wise management, and spread the knowledge that wetlands are important, indeed crucial, elements of the global environment. Our attempts to understand, manage and enhance wetlands in the twenty-first century are part of the larger effort to maintain a sustainable Earth.
Readership: Introductory or intermediate level undergraduates taking courses on wetland environments
Additional resources for this book can be found at: www.wiley.com/go/aber/wetland.
Preface: Why wetlands? xi
Acknowledgements xiv
Part I
1 Wetland overview 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 How much and where 4
1.3 Wetland trends 8
1.4 Wetland preservation and protection 10
1.5 Wetland science 11
1.6 Book approach and outline 13
1.7 Summary 13
2 Wetland criteria 15
2.1 Definitions 15
2.2 Water 16
2.3 Soil 18
2.4 Vegetation 20
2.5 Wetland classification 22
2.6 Peatland 24
2.7 Anthropogenic dimensions of wetlands 27
2.8 Summary 28
3 Methods in wetland research 30
3.1 Introduction 30
3.2 Remote sensing 31
3.2.1 Image resolution and interpretability 32
3.2.2 Wetland image interpretation 35
3.2.3 Macro-level systems 37
3.2.4 Meso-level systems 41
3.2.5 Micro-level systems 42
3.3 Maps and geographic information systems 46
3.4 Physical ground-based methods 48
3.4.1 Surface methods 48
3.4.2 Subsurface methods 51
3.5 Flora, fauna and ecological monitoring and survey methods 53
3.6 Social science methods and techniques 56
3.7 Summary 57
Part II
4 Wetland hydrology 58
4.1 Introduction 58
4.2 Surface and ground water 61
4.3 Floods and flooding 64
4.4 Hydrologic functions of streams and wetlands 65
4.5 Hydrochemistry 68
4.6 Summary 70
5 Wetland soil 72
5.1 Introduction 72
5.2 Brief history and soil classification 73
5.3 Hydric soil criteria 78
5.4 Mineral and organic hydric soils 79
5.5 Submerged wetland substrates 81
5.6 Summary 82
6 Wetland vegetation 86
6.1 Plant adaptations 86
6.1.1 Structural adaptations 86
6.1.2 Biochemical adaptations 88
6.2 Ecological categories 89
6.2.1 Shoreline plants 90
6.2.2 Emergent plants 92
6.2.3 Floating plants 94
6.2.4 Submerged plants 96
6.2.5 Plant zonation 97
6.3 Indicator categories 99
6.4 Plant hardiness zones 101
6.5 Invasive plant species 102
6.6 Summary 105
7 Wetland wildlife 107
7.1 Introduction 107
7.2 Wetland invertebrates 108
7.2.1 Insects 108
7.2.2 Mosquitos 110
7.2.3 Corals 111
7.3 Wetland vertebrates 113
7.3.1 Amphibians 113
7.3.2 Reptiles 115
7.3.3 Birds 117
7.3.4 Mammals 125
7.4 Invasive animal species 130
7.5 Summary 132
Part III
8 Wetland change 135
8.1 Introduction 135
8.2 Hydroseral succession 136
8.3 Sea-level change and crustal movements 139
8.3.1 Glacial eustasy 139
8.3.2 Glacial isostasy 141
8.3.3 Complicated responses 141
8.3.4 Modern sea-level rise 143
8.4 Climate change 147
8.4.1 Climate basics 147
8.4.2 Climate and wetlands 150
8.5 Fire 152
8.6 Summary 154
9 Wetlands through time 156
9.1 Introduction 156
9.2 Coal 157
9.2.1 Paleozoic coal 157
9.2.2 Cretaceous-Tertiary coal and lignite 158
9.3 Amber 160
9.4 Pleistocene and Holocene wetlands 163
9.4.1 Nordic region 164
9.4.2 North America 167
9.4.3 Tropics and Antarctica 171
9.4.4 Holocene climate and early man 171
"Overall, this is an excellent course resource foradvanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students, as well asprofessionals who wish to deepen their understanding of thesecomplex ecosystems. Summing Up: Highly recommended.Upper-division undergraduates and above." ( Choice , 1 August 2013)
James S. Aber: Ph.D. in Geology from the University of Kansas. Wide-ranging international experience in northern and central Europe, North and South America involving glaciation, wetlands, tectonics, and remote sensing.
Firooza Pavri: Ph.D. in Geography from Ohio State University. Research experience in South Asia and North America with an interest in society-environment interactions, landscape change, environmental policy, and remote sensing.
Susan W. Aber: Ph.D in Library and Information Management from Emporia State University, Kansas. International experience across Europe, southeastern Asia and North America. Special interest in gemstones, particularly amber and pearls.
Über den Autor
James S. Aber: Ph.D. in Geology from the University of Kansas. Wide-ranging international experience in northern and central Europe, North and South America involving glaciation, wetlands, tectonics, and remote sensing.nnnFirooza Pavri: Ph.D. in Geography from Ohio State University. Research experience in South Asia and North America with an interest in society-environment interactions, landscape change, environmental policy, and remote sensing.nnnSusan W. Aber: Ph.D in Library and Information Management from Emporia State University, Kansas. International experience across Europe, southeastern Asia and North America. Special interest in gemstones, particularly amber and pearls.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Preface: Why wetlands? xinnAcknowledgements xivnnPart Inn1 Wetland overview 1nn1.1 Introduction 1nn1.2 How much and where 4nn1.3 Wetland trends 8nn1.4 Wetland preservation and protection 10nn1.5 Wetland science 11nn1.6 Book approach and outline 13nn1.7 Summary 13nn2 Wetland criteria 15nn2.1 Definitions 15nn2.2 Water 16nn2.3 Soil 18nn2.4 Vegetation 20nn2.5 Wetland classification 22nn2.6 Peatland 24nn2.7 Anthropogenic dimensions of wetlands 27nn2.8 Summary 28nn3 Methods in wetland research 30nn3.1 Introduction 30nn3.2 Remote sensing 31nn3.2.1 Image resolution and interpretability 32nn3.2.2 Wetland image interpretation 35nn3.2.3 Macro-level systems 37nn3.2.4 Meso-level systems 41nn3.2.5 Micro-level systems 42nn3.3 Maps and geographic information systems 46nn3.4 Physical ground-based methods 48nn3.4.1 Surface methods 48nn3.4.2 Subsurface methods 51nn3.5 Flora, fauna and ecological monitoring and survey methods 53nn3.6 Social science methods and techniques 56nn3.7 Summary 57nnPart IInn4 Wetland hydrology 58nn4.1 Introduction 58nn4.2 Surface and ground water 61nn4.3 Floods and flooding 64nnn4.4 Hydrologic functions of streams and wetlands 65nn4.5 Hydrochemistry 68nn4.6 Summary 70nn5 Wetland soil 72nn5.1 Introduction 72nn5.2 Brief history and soil classification 73nn5.3 Hydric soil criteria 78nn5.4 Mineral and organic hydric soils 79nn5.5 Submerged wetland substrates 81nn5.6 Summary 82nn6 Wetland vegetation 86nn6.1 Plant adaptations 86nn6.1.1 Structural adaptations 86nn6.1.2 Biochemical adaptations 88nn6.2 Ecological categories 89nn6.2.1 Shoreline plants 90nn6.2.2 Emergent plants 92nn6.2.3 Floating plants 94nn6.2.4 Submerged plants 96nn6.2.5 Plant zonation 97nn6.3 Indicator categories 99nn6.4 Plant hardiness zones 101nn6.5 Invasive plant species 102nn6.6 Summary 105nn7 Wetland wildlife 107nn7.1 Introduction 107nn7.2 Wetland invertebrates 108nn7.2.1 Insects 108nn7.2.2 Mosquitos 110nn7.2.3 Corals 111nn7.3 Wetland vertebrates 113nn7.3.1 Amphibians 113nn7.3.2 Reptiles 115nn7.3.3 Birds 117nn7.3.4 Mammals 125nn7.4 Invasive animal species 130nn7.5 Summary 132nnPart IIInn8 Wetland change 135nn8.1 Introduction 135nn8.2 Hydroseral succession 136nn8.3 Sea-level change and crustal movements 139nn8.3.1 Glacial eustasy 139nn8.3.2 Glacial isostasy 141nn8.3.3 Complicated responses 141nn8.3.4 Modern sea-level rise 143nn8.4 Climate change 147nn8.4.1 Climate basics 147nn8.4.2 Climate and wetlands 150nn8.5 Fire 152nn8.6 Summary 154nn9 Wetlands through time 156nn9.1 Introduction 156nn9.2 Coal 157nn9.2.1 Paleozoic coal 157nn9.2.2 Cretaceous-Tertiary coal and lignite 158nn9.3 Amber 160nn9.4 Pleistocene and Holocene wetlands 163nn9.4.1 Nordic region 164nn9.4.2 North America 167nn9.4.3 Tropics and Antarctica 171nn9.4.4 Holocene climate and early man 171nn9.5 Summary 173nn10 Environmental cycles and feedback 175nn10.1 Biogeochemical cycles 175nn10.1.1 Wetland elements 175nn10.1.2 Nitrogen 175nn10.1.3 Phosphorus, potassium and sulfur 177nn10.2 Carbon cycle 179nn10.2.1 Carbon reservoirs 179nnn10.2.2 Carbon balance 179nn10.2.3 Carbon gases and climatic feedback 180nn10.3 Fossil fuels 181nn10.3.1 Fossil-fuel consumption 181nn10.3.2 Coal mining and acid rain 183nn10.3.3 Estonian oil shale 184nn10.4 Human experiment 185nn10.5 Summary 187nnPart IVnn11 Wetland services, resources and valuation 190nn11.1 Human use of wetland ecosystems 190nn11.2 Ecosystem services 191nn11.2.1 Habitats 191nn11.2.2 Wetlands and biogeochemical cycles 194nn11.2.3 Storm surge and coastal flood protection 195nn11.3 Hydrological services 196nn11.3.1 Flood abatement 196nn11.3.2 Water quality 196nn11.3.3 Water storage and diversion 197nn11.4 Economic services 199nn11.4.1 Extractive industries 199nn11.4.2 Pearl production 204nn11.4.3 Services industries 207nn11.5 Wetland valuations 211nn11.5.1 Why value wetlands? 212nn11.5.2 Property regimes and externalities in wetland use and valuations 212nn11.5.3 How to value wetlands? 215nn11.6 Summary 216nn12 Conservation and management: Wetland planning and practices 218nn12.1 The conservation movement 218nn12.2 Wetland resource management 220nn12.3 Wetland management plans 221nn12.4 Wetland management practices 223nn12.4.1 Terrestrial and hydrologic-based strategies 223nnn12.4.2 Biological and chemical strategies 226nn12.4.3 Socio-economic strategies 227nn12.5 Summary 229nn13 Wetland restoration, enhancement and creation 231nn13.1 Introduction 231nn13.2 Terminology 232nn13.3 Wetland restoration, enhancement and creation design principles 235nn13.4 Restoration and enhancement considerations 238nn13.5 Approaches to wetland restoration and enhancement 240nn13.5.1 Active approaches 240nn13.5.2 Passive and hybrid approaches 242nn13.6 Artifi cial treatment wetlands 244nn13.7 Contaminated mine-water treatment 246nn13.8 Summary 249nn14 Wetlands governance and public policy 251nn14.1 Wetlands governance and policy 251nn14.2 International wetland policy 251nn14.3 Wetland policy in the developed world 252nn14.3.1 United States 253nn14.3.2 Canada 255nn14.3.3 Western Europe 255nn14.3.4 Central Europe 257nn14.3.5 Commonwealth of Independent States 260nn14.3.6 Australia, New Zealand and Antarctica 262nn14.4 National wetland policy in the developing world 264nn14.5 Shared wetlands 264nn14.6 Summary 266nnPart Vnn15 Low-latitude wetland case studies 268nn15.1 Introduction 268nn15.2 Sundarbans of South Asia 269nn15.3 Okavango Delta of southern Africa 274nn15.4 Pantanal of South America 276nn15.5 Gulf of Mexico, United States 279nn15.5.1 Florida Everglades 281nn15.5.2 Mississippi River delta 285nn15.5.3 Padre Island and Laguna Madre 291nn15.6 Summary 297nn16 Middle-latitude wetland case studies 299nn16.1 Introduction 299nn16.2 Great Plains of North America 299nn16.2.1 Upper Arkansas River valley, Colorado and Kansas 300nn16.2.2 Biocontrol of saltcedar along the upper Arkansas River valley 305nn16.2.3 Cheyenne Bottoms, Kansas 309nn16.2.4 Nebraska Sand Hills 314nn16.2.5 Missouri Coteau, southern Saskatchewan 318nn16.3 Coastal wetlands of Maine and Massachusetts, United States 323nn16.3.1 Wells Reserve, southeastern Maine 325nn16.3.2 Plum Island Ecosystem, northeastern Massachusetts 326nn16.4 Estonia, eastern Baltic region 328nn16.5 Summary 333nn17 High-latitude and high-altitude wetland case studies 336nn17.1 Introduction 336nn17.2 Andes Mountains, Venezuela 336nn17.3 Southern Colorado, United States 340nn17.3.1 Culebra Range 341nn17.3.2 San Luis Valley 345nn17.4 The Arctic 350nn17.4.1 Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska 351nn17.4.2 Yukon Delta, Alaska 353nn17.4.3 Lena River delta, Russia 354nn17.5 Summary 357nn18 Sustainability for wetlands 358nn18.1 Introduction 358nn18.2 Key risks to wetlands 359nn18.3 Key opportunities in wetland conservation 362nn18.4 Future directions 363nnGlossary of wetland types and terms 364nnReferences 372nnIndex 401nnColor Plates are between pages 210 and 211nnCOMPANION WEBSITEnnThis book has a companion website: www.wiley.com/go/aber/wetland with Figures and Tables from the book
Klappentext
Wetlands - swamp, marsh, bayou, tundra and bog - are places that are rarely visited and often misunderstood but they have, in fact, conspicuous roles in the physical, biological and cultural geography of the world. They are intrinsically beautiful environments where one may see the natural and essential values in the interaction of water, soil, vegetation, wildlife, and humans. Wetlands occur at the confluence of unique terrestrial, hydrological and climatic conditions that give rise to some of the most biodiverse regions of the world. They also play vital roles in the cycling and storage of key nutrients, materials and energy through the Earth's system.nnnA complete study of wetland environments requires the assessment of their physical and biological attributes, properties and functions of these ecosystems, and the economic, political and social aspects that mediate their use globally. A systems approach is taken throughout this book which emphasizes the interactions between these elements of wetland ecosystems. Moreover, selected case studies from across the world are used to illustrate wetland characteristics and circumstances.nnnThis book is intended to foster a greater awareness and appreciation of wetlands, promote a culture of conservation and wise management, and spread the knowledge that wetlands are important, indeed crucial, elements of the global environment. Our attempts to understand, manage and enhance wetlands in the twenty-first century are part of the larger effort to maintain a sustainable Earth.nnnReadership: Introductory or intermediate level undergraduates taking courses on wetland environmentsnnAdditional resources for this book can be found at: www.wiley.com/go/aber/wetland.
