Nobody can know everything. For the successful application of techniques based on nuclear magnetic resonance to clinical problems, it is a vital necessity that individuals with widely different skills should learn a little of each others' trades by co-operation and communication. Ernest Cady has long proved himself a master of these arts to his colleagues at University College London, and by writing this excellent book he extends his experience to a wide circle of readers. Although the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) phenomenon had been predicted theoretically (and to some degree demonstrated experimentally) appreciably earlier, it required the advances in electronics that took place during World War II to turn NMR into a practical technique, as demonstrated independently in 1946 by Bloch and Purcell. Since then, NMR has been used extensively and increasingly by chemists and physicists. In the 1970s the first applications of NMR to animal organs yielded important advances in our knowledge of the biochemical and physiological processes as they occur in genuinely intact tissues. They showed incidentally that some conventional techniques introduce significant artifacts.
1. An Introduction to Medical Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.- 1.1. The Magnetic Resonance Phenomenon.- 1.2. Magnetic Resonance in a Clinical Context.- 1.3. Nuclei with Potential Clinical Applications.- 1.3.1. Phosphorus (31P).- 1.3.2. Hydrogen (1H).- 1.3.3. Carbon (13C).- 1.3.4. Nitrogen (15N).- 1.3.5. Oxygen (17O).- 1.3.6. Fluorine (19F).- 1.3.7. Sodium (23Na).- 1.4. The Development of Biological MRS.- 1.4.1. Skeletal Muscle.- 1.4.2. Cardiac Muscle.- 1.4.3. Smooth Muscle.- 1.4.4. Brain.- 1.4.5. Liver.- 1.4.6. Kidney.- 1.4.7. Adipose Tissue.- 1.4.8. Lung(s).- 1.4.9. Testes.- 1.4.10. Ovaries.- 1.4.11. Skin.- 1.4.12. Neoplastic Tissues.- References.- 2. Fundamentals of Clinical Magnetic Resonance.- 2.1. The Origin of the Magnetic Resonance Signal.- 2.1.1. The Behavior of Nuclear Spins in a Magnetic Field.- 2.1.2. The Rotating Frame of Reference.- 2.1.3. The Bloch Equations and Relaxation Phenomena.- 2.2. The Magnetic Resonance Signal.- 2.2.1. The Free Induction Decay.- 2.2.2. The Spin Echo.- 2.2.3. Fourier Transformation.- 2.3. The Spectrum.- 2.3.1. Chemical Shifts.- 2.3.2. The Shapes and Widths of Spectral Peaks.- 2.3.3. Metabolite Concentrations.- 2.4. The Signal-to-Noise Ratio.- 2.4.1. The SNR from a Single 90° Pulse.- 2.4.2. The Effect of T1 and T2 on SNR.- References.- 3. Clinical Studies.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Studies of the Human Brain.- 3.2.1. Studies of the Neonatal Brain.- 3.2.2. Spectroscopic Studies of the Adult Brain.- 3.3. Studies of Human Skeletal Muscle.- 3.3.1. 31P Spectroscopy of Human Muscle.- 3.3.2. 1H Spectroscopy of Human Muscle.- 3.3.3. 13C Spectroscopy of Muscle.- 3.4. Studies of Human Cardiac Metabolism.- 3.4.1. 31P Studies of Human Cardiac Metabolism.- 3.4.2. 1H Studies of the Human Heart.- 3.5. Studies of the Human Liver.- 3.5.1. 31P Studies of the Human Liver.- 3.5.2. 13C Studies of Human Liver Metabolism.- 3.6. Studies of Human Kidneys.- 3.7. Studies of Human Testes.- 3.8. In Vitro Studies of Human Body Fluids.- 3.8.1. 1H Studies of Urine.- 3.8.2. 1H Studies of Amniotic Fluid.- 3.8.3. 1H Studies of Human Blood Plasma.- 3.9. Studies of Human Red Blood Cells.- 3.9.1. Results from 31P Spectroscopy.- 3.9.2. 1H Spectroscopy of Red Blood Cells.- 3.9.3. 23Na Spectroscopy of Red Blood Cells.- References.- 4. Practical Aspects of Clinical Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Systems.- 4.1. An Overview of the System.- 4.2. The Magnet.- 4.2.1. Permanent Magnets.- 4.2.2. Resistive Electromagnets.- 4.2.3. The Liquid-Helium Superconducting Magnet.- 4.2.4. Shim, Gradient, and Profiling Coils.- 4.3. The Spectrometer.- 4.3.1. The RF Probe.- 4.3.2. RF Coils.- 4.3.3. The Preamplifier.- 4.3.4. The Receiver.- 4.3.5. The Analog-to-Digital Converter.- 4.3.6. The Computer System.- 4.4. Safety Requirements.- 4.4.1. The Static Magnetic Field.- 4.4.2. Rapid Magnetic Field Changes.- 4.4.3. Radio-Frequency Fields.- 4.4.4. Other Hazards.- 4.5. Patient Handling.- References.- 5. Data Acquisition in Clinical Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.- 5.1. Fundamental Considerations.- 5.1.1. Collecting Data Using Repeated Single Pulses.- 5.1.2. Reduction of Spectrum-Baseline Artifacts.- 5.2. Signal Localization.- 5.2.1. Surface-Coil-Localization Methods.- 5.2.2. Magnetic Field Gradient Techniques.- 5.3. Spin-Echo Techniques.- 5.3.1. Simplification of Spectra.- 5.3.2. Spin Echoes with Surface Coils.- 5.4. Solvent Suppression.- 5.4.1. Composite Pulses.- 5.4.2. Spin Echoes.- 5.4.3. Saturation Methods.- 5.4.4. Binomial Pulses.- 5.5. Spectral Editing.- 5.5.1. Reduction of Bone and Phospholipid Signals.- 5.5.2. Spectral Editing in 1H Spectroscopy.- 5.6. Absolute Quantitation.- 5.6.1. External Concentration References.- 5.6.2. Internal Concentration References.- 5.6.3. Localized Absolute Quantitation.- 5.7. Measurement of Relaxation Constants.- 5.7.1. T1 Measurements in a Uniform RF Field.- 5.7.2. T2 Measurements in a Uniform RF Field.- 5.7.3. Measurements of T1 and T2 with Surface Coils.- References.- 6. Spectrum Analysis.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Measurement of the Spectrum.- 6.2.1. Raw-Data Baseline Correction.- 6.2.2. Noise Reduction.- 6.2.3. Baseline Smoothing and Resolution Enhancement.- 6.2.4. Phasing the Spectrum.- 6.2.5. Baseline Flattening.- 6.2.6. Area Measurement.- 6.2.7. Position Measurement.- 6.3. Other Analysis Methods.- 6.3.1. FID Fitting.- 6.3.2. The Maximum-Entropy Method.- 6.4. Peak Identification.- 6.5. Data Reduction.- 6.5.1. Correcting for Partial Saturation..- 6.5.2. Data Presentation.- 6.6. Testing the Analysis Methods.- References.
1. An Introduction to Medical Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.- 1.1. The Magnetic Resonance Phenomenon.- 1.2. Magnetic Resonance in a Clinical Context.- 1.3. Nuclei with Potential Clinical Applications.- 1.4. The Development of Biological MRS.- References.- 2. Fundamentals of Clinical Magnetic Resonance.- 2.1. The Origin of the Magnetic Resonance Signal.- 2.2. The Magnetic Resonance Signal.- 2.3. The Spectrum.- 2.4. The Signal-to-Noise Ratio.- References.- 3. Clinical Studies.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Studies of the Human Brain.- 3.3. Studies of Human Skeletal Muscle.- 3.4. Studies of Human Cardiac Metabolism.- 3.5. Studies of the Human Liver.- 3.6. Studies of Human Kidneys.- 3.7. Studies of Human Testes.- 3.8. In Vitro Studies of Human Body Fluids.- 3.9. Studies of Human Red Blood Cells.- References.- 4. Practical Aspects of Clinical Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Systems.- 4.1. An Overview of the System.- 4.2. The Magnet.- 4.3. The Spectrometer.- 4.4. Safety Requirements.- 4.5. Patient Handling.- References.- 5. Data Acquisition in Clinical Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.- 5.1. Fundamental Considerations.- 5.2. Signal Localization.- 5.3. Spin-Echo Techniques.- 5.4. Solvent Suppression.- 5.5. Spectral Editing.- 5.6. Absolute Quantitation.- 5.7. Measurement of Relaxation Constants.- References.- 6. Spectrum Analysis.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Measurement of the Spectrum.- 6.3. Other Analysis Methods.- 6.4. Peak Identification.- 6.5. Data Reduction.- 6.6. Testing the Analysis Methods.- References.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1. An Introduction to Medical Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.- 1.1. The Magnetic Resonance Phenomenon.- 1.2. Magnetic Resonance in a Clinical Context.- 1.3. Nuclei with Potential Clinical Applications.- 1.4. The Development of Biological MRS.- References.- 2. Fundamentals of Clinical Magnetic Resonance.- 2.1. The Origin of the Magnetic Resonance Signal.- 2.2. The Magnetic Resonance Signal.- 2.3. The Spectrum.- 2.4. The Signal-to-Noise Ratio.- References.- 3. Clinical Studies.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Studies of the Human Brain.- 3.3. Studies of Human Skeletal Muscle.- 3.4. Studies of Human Cardiac Metabolism.- 3.5. Studies of the Human Liver.- 3.6. Studies of Human Kidneys.- 3.7. Studies of Human Testes.- 3.8. In Vitro Studies of Human Body Fluids.- 3.9. Studies of Human Red Blood Cells.- References.- 4. Practical Aspects of Clinical Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Systems.- 4.1. An Overview of the System.- 4.2. The Magnet.- 4.3. The Spectrometer.- 4.4. Safety Requirements.- 4.5. Patient Handling.- References.- 5. Data Acquisition in Clinical Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.- 5.1. Fundamental Considerations.- 5.2. Signal Localization.- 5.3. Spin-Echo Techniques.- 5.4. Solvent Suppression.- 5.5. Spectral Editing.- 5.6. Absolute Quantitation.- 5.7. Measurement of Relaxation Constants.- References.- 6. Spectrum Analysis.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Measurement of the Spectrum.- 6.3. Other Analysis Methods.- 6.4. Peak Identification.- 6.5. Data Reduction.- 6.6. Testing the Analysis Methods.- References.
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