During the past decade, man's centuries-old interest in marine me teorology and oceanography has broadened. Ocean and atmosphere are now treated as coupled parts of one system; the resulting interest in air-sea interaction problems has led to a rapid growth in the sophistication of instruments and measurement techniques. This book has been designed as a reference text which describes, albng with the instruments themselves, the accumulated practical experi ence of experts engaged in field observations of air-sea interac tions. It is meant to supplement rather than replace manuals on standard routine observations or instnunentation handbooks. At the inception a textbook was planned, which would contain only well tested methods and instruments. It was quickly discovered that for the book to be useful many devices and techniques would have to be included which are still evolving rapidly. The reader is therefore cautioned to take nothing in these pages for granted. Certainly, every contributor is an expert, but while some are back ed up by generations of published work, others are pioneers. The choice of topics, of course, is debatable. The types of observa tions included are not exhaustive and topics such as marine aero sols and radio-tracers are omitted, as was the general subject of remote sensing, which was felt to be too broad and evol ving too rapidly. The guideline adopted in limiting size was maximum use fulness to 'a trained experimentalist new to the field'.
I. Velocity.- 1. Cups, vanes, propellers, and laser anemometers.- 2. Hot wire and hot film anemometers.- 3. Dynamic anemometers.- 4. Sonic anemometers.- 5. Pilot balloon techniques.- 6. Survey of techniques for measuring currents near the ocean surface.- 7. Moored current measurements in the upper ocean.- 8. Propeller current sensors.- 9. Acoustic travel time current meters.- 10. Acoustic Doppler techniques.- 11. Drifters.- 12. Electromagnetic current meters.- II. Air pressure.- 13. Air pressure measurement techniques.- III. Temperature.- 14. Slow-response temperature sensors.- 15. Fast-response temperature sensors.- 16. Radiative sensing of sea surface temperature.- IV. Oceanic Microstructure.- 17. High resolution salinity measurement techniques.- 18. Hot/cold sensors of oceanic microstructure.- 19. An airfoil probe for measuring turbulent velocity fluctuations in water.- 20. Expendable measuring devices.- V. Humidity/Gas Exchange.- 21. Slow-response humidity sensors.- 22. Fast-response humidity sensors.- 23 Gas exchange.- VI. The Sea Surface.- 24. Ocean wave measurement techniques.- 25. Surface microlayer samplers.- VII. Radiation.- 26. Atmospheric radiation instruments.- 27. Oceanic radiation instruments.- VIII. Precipitation.- 28. Precipitation measurements over the ocean.- IX. The Atmospheric Boundary Layer.- 29. Sodar and lidar measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer at sea.- X. Platforms.- 30. Aircraft.- 31. Tethered balloons.- 32. Flow distortion by supporting structures.- 33. Surface followers.- 34. Buoys.- 35. Mooring dynamics.- 36. Profiling devices.- 37. Free fall vehicles.- 38. Towed vehicles and submersibles.- Authors and Addresses.
During the past decade, man's centuries-old interest in marine me teorology and oceanography has broadened. Ocean and atmosphere are now treated as coupled parts of one system; the resulting interest in air-sea interaction problems has led to a rapid growth in the sophistication of instruments and measurement techniques. This book has been designed as a reference text which describes, albng with the instruments themselves, the accumulated practical experi ence of experts engaged in field observations of air-sea interac tions. It is meant to supplement rather than replace manuals on standard routine observations or instnunentation handbooks. At the inception a textbook was planned, which would contain only well tested methods and instruments. It was quickly discovered that for the book to be useful many devices and techniques would have to be included which are still evolving rapidly. The reader is therefore cautioned to take nothing in these pages for granted. Certainly, every contributor is an expert, but while some are back ed up by generations of published work, others are pioneers. The choice of topics, of course, is debatable. The types of observa tions included are not exhaustive and topics such as marine aero sols and radio-tracers are omitted, as was the general subject of remote sensing, which was felt to be too broad and evol ving too rapidly. The guideline adopted in limiting size was maximum use fulness to 'a trained experimentalist new to the field'.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
I. Velocity.- 1. Cups, vanes, propellers, and laser anemometers.- 2. Hot wire and hot film anemometers.- 3. Dynamic anemometers.- 4. Sonic anemometers.- 5. Pilot balloon techniques.- 6. Survey of techniques for measuring currents near the ocean surface.- 7. Moored current measurements in the upper ocean.- 8. Propeller current sensors.- 9. Acoustic travel time current meters.- 10. Acoustic Doppler techniques.- 11. Drifters.- 12. Electromagnetic current meters.- II. Air pressure.- 13. Air pressure measurement techniques.- III. Temperature.- 14. Slow-response temperature sensors.- 15. Fast-response temperature sensors.- 16. Radiative sensing of sea surface temperature.- IV. Oceanic Microstructure.- 17. High resolution salinity measurement techniques.- 18. Hot/cold sensors of oceanic microstructure.- 19. An airfoil probe for measuring turbulent velocity fluctuations in water.- 20. Expendable measuring devices.- V. Humidity/Gas Exchange.- 21. Slow-response humidity sensors.- 22. Fast-response humidity sensors.- 23 Gas exchange.- VI. The Sea Surface.- 24. Ocean wave measurement techniques.- 25. Surface microlayer samplers.- VII. Radiation.- 26. Atmospheric radiation instruments.- 27. Oceanic radiation instruments.- VIII. Precipitation.- 28. Precipitation measurements over the ocean.- IX. The Atmospheric Boundary Layer.- 29. Sodar and lidar measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer at sea.- X. Platforms.- 30. Aircraft.- 31. Tethered balloons.- 32. Flow distortion by supporting structures.- 33. Surface followers.- 34. Buoys.- 35. Mooring dynamics.- 36. Profiling devices.- 37. Free fall vehicles.- 38. Towed vehicles and submersibles.- Authors and Addresses.
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