Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution provides the reader with an overview of the health effects of air pollution in human subjects. The majority of the book is devoted to the discussion of the health effects of common widespread air pollutants regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through national ambient air quality standards. The book reviews the sources and fate of common air pollutants in ambient air and researches the adverse effects of these outdoor and indoor air pollutants in `in vivo' cell systems, animals, and humans. Research for the book was conducted in controlled laboratory studies and epidemiologic studies. Special emphasis throughout
Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution is placed on the effects of air pollution in subjects with asthma.
Abbreviations. List of figures. List of tables. Acknowledgements. 1. Introduction: Scope of the book. 2. Structure of the respiratory system. 3. Physiology of the respiratory system. 4. Properties and sources of common ambient air pollutants. 5. Exposure assessment. 6. Inhalation exposure technologies. 7. Methods of assessment of pollutant-induced health effects. 8. Asthma: A special case of susceptibility to air pollution. 9. Health effects of sulfur oxides: Sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid. 10. Health effects of particulate matter. 11. Health effects of ozone. 12. Health effects of nitrogen dioxide. 13. Health effects of carbon dioxide. 14. Health effects of the hazardous air pollutants. 15. Health effects of indoor air pollution. 16. Interactions between climate change and air pollution. 17. Risk assessment for air pollutants. 18. Standard setting for air pollutants. 19. Conclusions and future directions. Index.
1 Introduction: Scope of the book.- 2 Structure of the respiratory system.- Upper respiratory system.- Lower respiratory system.- Gas-exchange area.- Cell types in the lung.- Nervous innervation.- Structural components.- Conclusion.- References.- 3 Physiology of the respiratory system.- Lung function.- Nasal function.- References.- 4 Properties and sources of common ambient air pollutants.- Sulfurous versus photochemical air pollutants.- Criteria air pollutants.- Carbon monoxide.- Sulfur dioxide.- Nitrogen dioxide.- Particulate matter.- Ozone.- Hazardous air pollutants.- Conclusions.- References.- 5 Exposure assessment.- Biomarkers.- References.- 6 Inhalation exposure technologies.- References.- 7 Methods of assessment of pollutant-induced health effects.- Animal toxicology and in vitro systems.- Controlled human studies.- Epidemiologic studies.- Biomarkers.- Polymorphisms.- Conclusion.- References.- 8 Asthma: A special case of susceptibility to air pollution.- Definition and diagnoses.- Natural history.- Atopy.- Morbidity and mortality rates.- Biomarkers of inflammation: Cells.- Biomarkers of inflammation: Mediators.- Diet and asthma.- Genetics of asthma.- Economic burden.- Fatal asthma.- References.- 9 Health effects of sulfur oxides: Sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid.- Sulfur dioxide: controlled human exposure studies.- Epidemiologic studies.- Sulfuric acid: Controlled studies.- Epidemiology.- Conclusion.- References.- 10 Health effects of particulate matter.- Deposition.- Clearance.- EPA NAAQS for PM.- Health effects of PM.- PM and cardiovascular disease.- Chronic effects.- Policy concerns and research needs.- Conclusion.- References.- 11 Health effects of ozone.- Upper airway effects.- Lower airway effects.- Epidemiological studies.- Future research needs.- References.- 12 Health effects of nitrogen dioxide.- Deposition/uptake.- Controlled human studies.- Upper airway effects.- Lower airway effects.- Pharmacologic/antioxidant interventions.- Infectivity.- Susceptible populations.- Epidemiology.- Conclusions.- References.- 13 Health effects of carbon monoxide.- Exposure assessment.- Health effects of CO.- Controlled studies.- Epidemiologic studies.- Conclusion.- References.- 14 Health effects of the hazardous air pollutants.- Health effects of "air toxics".- Controlled human studies.- Epidemiological studies.- References.- 15 Health effects of indoor air pollution.- Indoor air pollution sources.- Exposure assessments: man-made.- TEAM study.- Indoor/outdoor ratios.- Health effects of indoor pollutants:.- man-made.- Natural indoor air pollutants.- Control of natural indoor pollutants.- Sick Building Syndrome.- Conclusion.- References.- 16 Interactions between climate change and air pollution.- Climate change and human health.- Climate change, temperature, and air pollution.- Other possible consequences of climate change.- Conclusions.- References.- 17 Risk assessment for air pollutants.- Basic definitions.- Perception of risk.- Examples of risk assessments for air pollutants.- Risk management.- Risk communication.- Strengthening the foundation of risk assessment.- References.- 18 Standard setting for air pollutants.- Definition of an adverse effect.- Standard setting process of NAAQS.- Limitations of process for NAAQS.- NAAQS for PM: an example.- 19 Conclusions and future directions.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1 Introduction: Scope of the book.- 2 Structure of the respiratory system.- Upper respiratory system.- Lower respiratory system.- Gas-exchange area.- Cell types in the lung.- Nervous innervation.- Structural components.- Conclusion.- References.- 3 Physiology of the respiratory system.- Lung function.- Nasal function.- References.- 4 Properties and sources of common ambient air pollutants.- Sulfurous versus photochemical air pollutants.- Criteria air pollutants.- Carbon monoxide.- Sulfur dioxide.- Nitrogen dioxide.- Particulate matter.- Ozone.- Hazardous air pollutants.- Conclusions.- References.- 5 Exposure assessment.- Biomarkers.- References.- 6 Inhalation exposure technologies.- References.- 7 Methods of assessment of pollutant-induced health effects.- Animal toxicology and in vitro systems.- Controlled human studies.- Epidemiologic studies.- Biomarkers.- Polymorphisms.- Conclusion.- References.- 8 Asthma: A special case of susceptibility to air pollution.- Definition and diagnoses.- Natural history.- Atopy.- Morbidity and mortality rates.- Biomarkers of inflammation: Cells.- Biomarkers of inflammation: Mediators.- Diet and asthma.- Genetics of asthma.- Economic burden.- Fatal asthma.- References.- 9 Health effects of sulfur oxides: Sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid.- Sulfur dioxide: controlled human exposure studies.- Epidemiologic studies.- Sulfuric acid: Controlled studies.- Epidemiology.- Conclusion.- References.- 10 Health effects of particulate matter.- Deposition.- Clearance.- EPA NAAQS for PM.- Health effects of PM.- PM and cardiovascular disease.- Chronic effects.- Policy concerns and research needs.- Conclusion.- References.- 11 Health effects of ozone.- Upper airway effects.- Lower airway effects.- Epidemiological studies.- Future research needs.- References.- 12 Health effects of nitrogen dioxide.- Deposition/uptake.- Controlled human studies.- Upper airway effects.- Lower airway effects.- Pharmacologic/antioxidant interventions.- Infectivity.- Susceptible populations.- Epidemiology.- Conclusions.- References.- 13 Health effects of carbon monoxide.- Exposure assessment.- Health effects of CO.- Controlled studies.- Epidemiologic studies.- Conclusion.- References.- 14 Health effects of the hazardous air pollutants.- Health effects of "air toxics".- Controlled human studies.- Epidemiological studies.- References.- 15 Health effects of indoor air pollution.- Indoor air pollution sources.- Exposure assessments: man-made.- TEAM study.- Indoor/outdoor ratios.- Health effects of indoor pollutants:.- man-made.- Natural indoor air pollutants.- Control of natural indoor pollutants.- Sick Building Syndrome.- Conclusion.- References.- 16 Interactions between climate change and air pollution.- Climate change and human health.- Climate change, temperature, and air pollution.- Other possible consequences of climate change.- Conclusions.- References.- 17 Risk assessment for air pollutants.- Basic definitions.- Perception of risk.- Examples of risk assessments for air pollutants.- Risk management.- Risk communication.- Strengthening the foundation of risk assessment.- References.- 18 Standard setting for air pollutants.- Definition of an adverse effect.- Standard setting process of NAAQS.- Limitations of process for NAAQS.- NAAQS for PM: an example.- 19 Conclusions and future directions.
Klappentext
Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution provides the reader with an overview of the health effects of air pollution in human subjects. The majority of the book is devoted to the discussion of the health effects of common widespread air pollutants regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through national ambient air quality standards. The book reviews the sources and fate of common air pollutants in ambient air and researches the adverse effects of these outdoor and indoor air pollutants in `in vivo' cell systems, animals, and humans. Research for the book was conducted in controlled laboratory studies and epidemiologic studies. Special emphasis throughout Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution is placed on the effects of air pollution in subjects with asthma.
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