A discussion of explosive pulsed power systems and their applications, this book consists of 7 chapters. The first five describe the basic physics of these sources and their ancillary equipment, based on a manual for training engineers in Russia. Chapter 6 is a deillegalscription of codes and methodologies used at Loughborough University in the UK to build flux compressors, while Chapter 7 covers two specific applications: high power lasers and high power microwave sources. The book introduces all types of explosive power sources and their ancillary equipment, the procedures required to build them, and specific applications.|Devices that convert explosive energy into electromagnetic energy are often called Flux Compression Generators (FCGs) in the United States, whereas the term Magnetocumulative Generators (MCGs) is more com monly used in Russia. Since the Russian literature is accessed more heavily in this book, the latter term is used here. In any event, the basic process involves using explosives to force an initial magnetic flux into a region of smaller inductance in such a manner that loss of flux is minimized. In the event that no flux is lost, the magnetic energy associated with the flux, inversely proportional to the inductance, must increase. Flux loss is min imized by confining it with good conductors which, in turn, are driven rapidly by the explosive to reduce the system inductance. The magnetic energy is increased by the work the conductors do as they are forcibly moved against the magnetic field, the energy, in turn, being supplied by the explosive driving them. As the reader may infer, there are different kinds of generators, some of which might be difficult to recognize as MCGs. Nonetheless, they all possess the features outlined above. Explosives have some unique features as energy sources. They have very high available energy densities; they release energy rapidly, or at high power; they can develop very high pressures.
1 Explosive-Driven Power Sources.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Overview of Explosive-Driven Power Sources.- 1.3 Magnetocumulative Generator History.- 1.4 Electromagnetic Theory.- 1.4.1 Field Theory: Maxwell´s Equations.- 1.4.2 Circuit Equations: Kirchhoff´s Equations.- 1.5 Electromagnetic Phenomena.- 1.5.1 Magnetic Pressure and Diffusion.- 1.5.2 Magnetic Force.- 1.5.3 Magnetic Pressure.- 1.5.4 Electric Fields.- 1.6 Shock and Detonation Waves.- 1.7 Explosives and Explosive Components.- 1.7.1 Categories of Explosives.- 1.7.2 Explosive Components.- 1.8 Introduction to MCGs.- 1.8.1 Circuit Equations.- 1.8.2 Field Equations.- 1.8.3 Magnetocumulative Generator Performance.- References.- 2 Magnetocumulative Generator Physics and Design.- 2.1 Conditions That Affect Magnetic Field Compression.- 2.1.1 Field Diffusion.- 2.1.2 Liner Compressibility.- 2.1.3 Conductivity Change.- 2.1.4 Surface Instability.- 2.2 Theory of Magnetocumulative Current Generators.- 2.3 Current Generator Design Issues.- 2.3.1 Eliminating Electric Breakdown.- 2.3.2 Increasing the Energy Amplification Factor.- 2.3.3 Delivering the Maximum Possible Energy to the Load.- 2.3.4 Attaining the Maximum Possible Gain.- 2.3.5 Unconstrained Energy Amplification.- References.- 3 Magnetocumulative Generators.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Classifications of MCGs.- 3.3 Coaxial MCGs.- 3.4 Spiral (Helical) MCGs.- 3.5 Plate MCGs.- 3.6 Loop MCGs.- 3.7 Disk MCGs.- 3.8 Semiconductor MCGs.- 3.8.1 Theory of Operation.- 3.8.2 SWMCG Working Substances.- 3.8.3 SWMCG Designs.- 3.9 Cascaded MCGs.- 3.10 Short-Pulse MCGs.- References.- 4 Pulse-Forming Networks.- 4.1 High-Speed Opening Switches.- 4.1.1 Explosive Opening Switches.- 4.1.2 Electroexplosive Switches.- 4.1.3 Explosive Plasma Switches.- 4.2 Pulsed Transformers.- 4.3 Spark Gap Switches.- 4.4 Pulse-Forming Lines.- 4.5 High-Voltage MCG Systems.- 4.5.1 Magnetic Flux Trapping.- 4.5.2 Flux Trapping and No Transformer.- 4.5.3 Flux Trapping and Transformers.- References.- 5 Electrical Loads.- 5.1 Direct Connection to a Load.- 5.1.1 Case 1: Rc = 0, L(t) = L0exp(-?t).- 5.1.2 Case 2: Rc = 0, L = L0(1 - ?t).- 5.1.3 Case 3: Rc ? 0, L= L0(l - ?t).- 5.1.4 Case 4: CL =0.- 5.1.5 Case 5: CL = 0, RC =0.- 5.2 Connection Through Pulsed Transformers.- 5.2.1 Case 1: Complex Loads.- 5.2.2 Case 2: Resistive and Inductive Loads.- 5.2.3 Case 3: R1 = 0 and I20 =0.- 5.2.4 Case 4: Low-Resistance Loads.- 5.2.5 Case 5: R1 = 0, R2 = 0, and CL =0.- 5.2.6 Case 6: Active Load, When R1 =0.- 5.2.7 Case 7: Pulse-Shaping Transformers.- 5.3 Connecting Through an Electroexplosive Switch.- 5.3.1 Complex Load.- 5.3.2 Active Load.- 5.3.3 Effects of Switch Inductance on Energy Coupling Coefficient for an Inductive Load.- 5.4 Pulsed Transformer and Electroexplosive Switch.- 5.4.1 Complex Load.- 5.4.2 Active Load.- References.- 6 Design, Construction, and Testing.- 6.1 A Brief Deillegalscription of FLEXY I.- 6.2 Computer Models.- 6.2.1 Simple Zero-Order Model for a Helical MCG.- 6.2.2 Simple 2D Model for a Helical MCG.- 6.2.3 Comparison to Other Codes.- 6.3 Helical Generator Design.- 6.3.1 Basic Input Data.- 6.3.2 Helical Coil Design Rules.- 6.4 Construction of the FLEXY I.- 6.5 Testing the FLEXY I.- 6.6 Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental Results.- 6.7 Summary.- References.- 7 Experimental Methods and Techniques.- 7.1 Experimental Methods.- 7.1.1 Electromagnetic Techniques.- 7.1.2 Detonic Techniques.- 7.2 Explosive Pulsed Power Laboratory.- 7.3 Testing Fast Switches and Conditioning Circuits.- 7.3.1 Exploding Foil Empirical Model.- 7.3.2 Magnetic Flux Compressor/Opening Switch Experiments.- 7.3.3 Opening and Closing Exploding Foil Switches.- 7.3.4 Faster Switching Techniques.- 7.3.5 Optimizing Exploding Foils.- 7.4 Magnetic Coupling between MCGs.- 7.4.1 The FLUXAR System.- 7.4.2 FLUXAR Working Equations.- 7.4.3 FLUXAR Techniques and Performance.- 7.4.4 A Case Study.- 7.5 Limitations of Helical MCGs.- 7.6 Summary.- References.- 8 Applications: Lasers and Microwaves.- 8.1 Lasers.- 8.1.1 Neodymium Solid-State Lasers.- 8.1.2 Photodissociation Iodine Laser.- 8.2 High-Power Microwave Sources.- 8.2.1 Autonomous Power Supplies for Microwave Sources.- 8.2.2 Virtual Cathode Oscillators.- 8.2.3 Multiwave Cerenkov Generators.- 8.2.4 Magnetically Insulated Linear Oscillators.- 8.2.5 Transition Radiation Generators.- 8.3 Direct-Drive Devices.- 8.3.1 Types of EMAs.- 8.3.2 Explosive Magnetic Generator of Frequency.- 8.3.3 Cylindrical Shock-Wave Source.- 8.4 Summary.- References.
Devices that convert explosive energy into electromagnetic energy are often called Flux Compression Generators (FCGs) in the United States, whereas the term Magnetocumulative Generators (MCGs) is more com monly used in Russia. Since the Russian literature is accessed more heavily in this book, the latter term is used here. In any event, the basic process involves using explosives to force an initial magnetic flux into a region of smaller inductance in such a manner that loss of flux is minimized. In the event that no flux is lost, the magnetic energy associated with the flux, inversely proportional to the inductance, must increase. Flux loss is min imized by confining it with good conductors which, in turn, are driven rapidly by the explosive to reduce the system inductance. The magnetic energy is increased by the work the conductors do as they are forcibly moved against the magnetic field, the energy, in turn, being supplied by the explosive driving them. As the reader may infer, there are different kinds of generators, some of which might be difficult to recognize as MCGs. Nonetheless, they all possess the features outlined above. Explosives have some unique features as energy sources. They have very high available energy densities; they release energy rapidly, or at high power; they can develop very high pressures.
1 Explosive-Driven Power Sources.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Overview of Explosive-Driven Power Sources.- 1.3 Magnetocumulative Generator History.- 1.4 Electromagnetic Theory.- 1.5 Electromagnetic Phenomena.- 1.6 Shock and Detonation Waves.- 1.7 Explosives and Explosive Components.- 1.8 Introduction to MCGs.- References.- 2 Magnetocumulative Generator Physics and Design.- 2.1 Conditions That Affect Magnetic Field Compression.- 2.2 Theory of Magnetocumulative Current Generators.- 2.3 Current Generator Design Issues.- References.- 3 Magnetocumulative Generators.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Classifications of MCGs.- 3.3 Coaxial MCGs.- 3.4 Spiral (Helical) MCGs.- 3.5 Plate MCGs.- 3.6 Loop MCGs.- 3.7 Disk MCGs.- 3.8 Semiconductor MCGs.- 3.9 Cascaded MCGs.- 3.10 Short-Pulse MCGs.- References.- 4 Pulse-Forming Networks.- 4.1 High-Speed Opening Switches.- 4.2 Pulsed Transformers.- 4.3 Spark Gap Switches.- 4.4 Pulse-Forming Lines.- 4.5 High-Voltage MCG Systems.- References.- 5 Electrical Loads.- 5.1 Direct Connection to a Load.- 5.2 Connection Through Pulsed Transformers.- 5.3 Connecting Through an Electroexplosive Switch.- 5.4 Pulsed Transformer and Electroexplosive Switch.- References.- 6 Design, Construction, and Testing.- 6.1 A Brief Deillegalscription of FLEXY I.- 6.2 Computer Models.- 6.3 Helical Generator Design.- 6.4 Construction of the FLEXY I.- 6.5 Testing the FLEXY I.- 6.6 Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental Results.- 6.7 Summary.- References.- 7 Experimental Methods and Techniques.- 7.1 Experimental Methods.- 7.2 Explosive Pulsed Power Laboratory.- 7.3 Testing Fast Switches and Conditioning Circuits.- 7.4 Magnetic Coupling between MCGs.- 7.5 Limitations of Helical MCGs.- 7.6 Summary.- References.- 8 Applications: Lasers and Microwaves.- 8.1 Lasers.- 8.2 High-Power MicrowaveSources.- 8.3 Direct-Drive Devices.- 8.4 Summary.- References.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1 Explosive-Driven Power Sources.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Overview of Explosive-Driven Power Sources.- 1.3 Magnetocumulative Generator History.- 1.4 Electromagnetic Theory.- 1.4.1 Field Theory: Maxwell¿s Equations.- 1.4.2 Circuit Equations: Kirchhoff¿s Equations.- 1.5 Electromagnetic Phenomena.- 1.5.1 Magnetic Pressure and Diffusion.- 1.5.2 Magnetic Force.- 1.5.3 Magnetic Pressure.- 1.5.4 Electric Fields.- 1.6 Shock and Detonation Waves.- 1.7 Explosives and Explosive Components.- 1.7.1 Categories of Explosives.- 1.7.2 Explosive Components.- 1.8 Introduction to MCGs.- 1.8.1 Circuit Equations.- 1.8.2 Field Equations.- 1.8.3 Magnetocumulative Generator Performance.- References.- 2 Magnetocumulative Generator Physics and Design.- 2.1 Conditions That Affect Magnetic Field Compression.- 2.1.1 Field Diffusion.- 2.1.2 Liner Compressibility.- 2.1.3 Conductivity Change.- 2.1.4 Surface Instability.- 2.2 Theory of Magnetocumulative Current Generators.- 2.3 Current Generator Design Issues.- 2.3.1 Eliminating Electric Breakdown.- 2.3.2 Increasing the Energy Amplification Factor.- 2.3.3 Delivering the Maximum Possible Energy to the Load.- 2.3.4 Attaining the Maximum Possible Gain.- 2.3.5 Unconstrained Energy Amplification.- References.- 3 Magnetocumulative Generators.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Classifications of MCGs.- 3.3 Coaxial MCGs.- 3.4 Spiral (Helical) MCGs.- 3.5 Plate MCGs.- 3.6 Loop MCGs.- 3.7 Disk MCGs.- 3.8 Semiconductor MCGs.- 3.8.1 Theory of Operation.- 3.8.2 SWMCG Working Substances.- 3.8.3 SWMCG Designs.- 3.9 Cascaded MCGs.- 3.10 Short-Pulse MCGs.- References.- 4 Pulse-Forming Networks.- 4.1 High-Speed Opening Switches.- 4.1.1 Explosive Opening Switches.- 4.1.2 Electroexplosive Switches.- 4.1.3 Explosive Plasma Switches.- 4.2 Pulsed Transformers.- 4.3 Spark Gap Switches.- 4.4 Pulse-Forming Lines.- 4.5 High-Voltage MCG Systems.- 4.5.1 Magnetic Flux Trapping.- 4.5.2 Flux Trapping and No Transformer.- 4.5.3 Flux Trapping and Transformers.- References.- 5 Electrical Loads.- 5.1 Direct Connection to a Load.- 5.1.1 Case 1: Rc = 0, L(t) = L0exp(-?t).- 5.1.2 Case 2: Rc = 0, L = L0(1 - ?t).- 5.1.3 Case 3: Rc ? 0, L= L0(l - ?t).- 5.1.4 Case 4: CL =0.- 5.1.5 Case 5: CL = 0, RC =0.- 5.2 Connection Through Pulsed Transformers.- 5.2.1 Case 1: Complex Loads.- 5.2.2 Case 2: Resistive and Inductive Loads.- 5.2.3 Case 3: R1 = 0 and I20 =0.- 5.2.4 Case 4: Low-Resistance Loads.- 5.2.5 Case 5: R1 = 0, R2 = 0, and CL =0.- 5.2.6 Case 6: Active Load, When R1 =0.- 5.2.7 Case 7: Pulse-Shaping Transformers.- 5.3 Connecting Through an Electroexplosive Switch.- 5.3.1 Complex Load.- 5.3.2 Active Load.- 5.3.3 Effects of Switch Inductance on Energy Coupling Coefficient for an Inductive Load.- 5.4 Pulsed Transformer and Electroexplosive Switch.- 5.4.1 Complex Load.- 5.4.2 Active Load.- References.- 6 Design, Construction, and Testing.- 6.1 A Brief Deillegalscription of FLEXY I.- 6.2 Computer Models.- 6.2.1 Simple Zero-Order Model for a Helical MCG.- 6.2.2 Simple 2D Model for a Helical MCG.- 6.2.3 Comparison to Other Codes.- 6.3 Helical Generator Design.- 6.3.1 Basic Input Data.- 6.3.2 Helical Coil Design Rules.- 6.4 Construction of the FLEXY I.- 6.5 Testing the FLEXY I.- 6.6 Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental Results.- 6.7 Summary.- References.- 7 Experimental Methods and Techniques.- 7.1 Experimental Methods.- 7.1.1 Electromagnetic Techniques.- 7.1.2 Detonic Techniques.- 7.2 Explosive Pulsed Power Laboratory.- 7.3 Testing Fast Switches and Conditioning Circuits.- 7.3.1 Exploding Foil Empirical Model.- 7.3.2 Magnetic Flux Compressor/Opening Switch Experiments.- 7.3.3 Opening and Closing Exploding Foil Switches.- 7.3.4 Faster Switching Techniques.- 7.3.5 Optimizing Exploding Foils.- 7.4 Magnetic Coupling between MCGs.- 7.4.1 The FLUXAR System.- 7.4.2 FLUXAR Working Equations.- 7.4.3 FLUXAR Techniques and Performance.- 7.4.4 A Case Study.- 7.5 Limitations of Helical MCGs.- 7.6 Summary.- References.- 8 Applications: Lasers and Microwaves.- 8.1 Lasers.- 8.1.1 Neodymium Solid-State Lasers.- 8.1.2 Photodissociation Iodine Laser.- 8.2 High-Power Microwave Sources.- 8.2.1 Autonomous Power Supplies for Microwave Sources.- 8.2.2 Virtual Cathode Oscillators.- 8.2.3 Multiwave Cerenkov Generators.- 8.2.4 Magnetically Insulated Linear Oscillators.- 8.2.5 Transition Radiation Generators.- 8.3 Direct-Drive Devices.- 8.3.1 Types of EMAs.- 8.3.2 Explosive Magnetic Generator of Frequency.- 8.3.3 Cylindrical Shock-Wave Source.- 8.4 Summary.- References.
Klappentext
Devices that convert explosive energy into electromagnetic energy are often called Flux Compression Generators (FCGs) in the United States, whereas the term Magnetocumulative Generators (MCGs) is more com monly used in Russia. Since the Russian literature is accessed more heavily in this book, the latter term is used here. In any event, the basic process involves using explosives to force an initial magnetic flux into a region of smaller inductance in such a manner that loss of flux is minimized. In the event that no flux is lost, the magnetic energy associated with the flux, inversely proportional to the inductance, must increase. Flux loss is min imized by confining it with good conductors which, in turn, are driven rapidly by the explosive to reduce the system inductance. The magnetic energy is increased by the work the conductors do as they are forcibly moved against the magnetic field, the energy, in turn, being supplied by the explosive driving them. As the reader may infer, there are different kinds of generators, some of which might be difficult to recognize as MCGs. Nonetheless, they all possess the features outlined above. Explosives have some unique features as energy sources. They have very high available energy densities; they release energy rapidly, or at high power; they can develop very high pressures.
